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http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924077098808
A GRAMMAR
OF THE
SAMARITAN LANGUAGE,
WITH
EXTRACTS AND VOCABULARY.
BY
G. F. NICHOLLS,
READER IN ORIENTAL LITERATURE, AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS;
LATE EXHIBITIONER OF ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
8B
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PREFACE.
ce
In offering to the public a work of so novel a character
as the present, the author has seized the opportunity of
stating the grounds on which it was undertaken.
The importance of the study of the Biblical languages
has never been questioned, excepting by those men who are
ignorant of them, and are disposed to condemn in toto the
utility of that which they have not the means or oppor-
tunity to acquire. On the other hand, those illustrious
scholars, whose definition of the utilitarian cu? bono is
directly opposed to the former, have not only inculcated the
momentous importance of linguistic study by precept, but
have led the van thereof conspicuously by example.
To recount the imperishable names of those who, from
the earliest ages of Christianity, have patronised or pursued
this study, is unnecessary in this place; their opinions of its
importance may be summed up in the words of the learned
Dr. Jahn: “ occurrit et illud, quod est totius theologie
fundamentum, neque tamen sine subtili et intimd linguarum
Biblicarum cognitione satis firmari potest, yvnotorns, inquam,
iv PREFACE.
sacrorum librorum, gud labefactatd, ruit authoritas horum
documentorum, et theologie edificium evertitur.” And
again, “‘librorum yvyowrnTa et verum sensum, absgue
subtili et intima linguarum scientid, comprobare nemo potest.”
The phrase “ Biblical Languages,” although capable of
extension to all those versions of the Sacred Scriptures which
have been made during the last century into almost every
important language and dialect, is usually confined to the
following: viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan,
Ethiopic, Amharic, and Coptic; to which, of course, the
Greek and Latin may be added.
The first four of the languages just enumerated have
received especial attention at the hands of scholars; while
the four latter have been wholly neglected or forgotten. In
fact, during the last few years, so little attention and study
have they attracted, that, at the present time, it is impossible
to acquire even the rudiments of them, except through the
medium of the-Latin tongue. Why they have been allowed
to fall into such disrepute, it is not worth while to inquire,
but we have only to do with the fact that such is the case,.
and, if possible, to remedy it.
' The present work is a Grammar of the Samaritan Lan-
guage; it is strictly Rudimentary, and is intended as a
precursor to a more critical and philological view of the
tongue. The main abject of the author has been to deal
with the ordinary facts of Etymology and Syntax, and to
produce such a work (to use an illustrious scholar’s words),
‘‘non ut in ipso hereat juventus, sed ut per eum transeat,
PREFACE. v
per eum excolatur, et ad altiora preparetur.” How far he
has succeeded in his endeavours will be for the discerning
public to determine, to whose favour he would commend
his present attempt.
The author has consulted nearly the whole of the extant
writers on the subject,—as Cellarius, Morinus, Castellus,
Leusdenius, and others. To the first he is especially in-
debted in the Etymological part of the work; whose facts,
notwithstanding they are undigested, and expressed in
questionable Latinity, are undoubtedly invaluable.
The Syntax is, however, wholly original; and the author
has especially aimed at giving the ordinary rules, to the
exclusion of all which might seem hypercritical to the young
scholar.
The Work is preceded by a brief dissertation upon the
Samaritans, their language and literature, which the author
hopes will not be unacceptable to the reader, and is con-
cluded by an extract, from Walton’s Polyglot, of three
chapters of the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, with
exegetical remarks upon the text, together with a short
Lexicon, carefully compiled by actual reading and obser-
vation. The student will do well, after he has mastered the
Grammar, to construe, by the aid of the Lexicon, and parse
the whole of the extracts, in doing which he will find his
labours considerably diminished by observing the analogy
which the Samaritan bears to the Syriac and Chaldee.
Before concluding, it is scarcely necessary to dwell upon
vi PREFACE.
the extent to which the Samaritan text as edited in the
books is vitiated; and no doubt many of the anomalies,
which have come to be considered grammatical peculiarities,
are to be referred to this cause. The fact is simply men-
tioned here, to show that the reader must bear with some
things, which in the present state of the text are un-
avoidable.
The author hopes to have an opportunity of editing a
critical and philological Grammar, which, with a Lexicon
and a revised text of the Samaritan Pentateuch, would form
a somewhat complete library of Samaritan literature.
Lonpon:
1858,
INTRODUCTION.
BEFORE entering upon the Grammar, a brief account of
the Samaritans, their language and literature, may not be
unacceptable to the generality of our readers.
It appears that the ten tribes of Israel who had revolted
from Solomon’s son, elected Jeroboam as their king, who
fixed his capital at Shechem, in mount Ephraim.
The Israelitish king, in order to prevent his people from
going to Jerusalem, set up two golden calves, one in Dan,
and the other in Bethel, to which they might offer the usual
sacrifices.
We pass over the remaining acts of Jeroboam and his
successors, until we come to Omri, the sixth king of Israel,
who began his reign, a.M. 3079. He it was who purchased
the hill of Samaria from Shemer, and built on it a city
called by the same name, from which the gentile noun,
Samaritans, is derived.
The city Samaria was besieged during Ahab’s reign, by
the Syrian king, Ben-hadad, but without success: in the
reign of Hoshea, however, Shalmaneser, king of Assyria,
attacked it, and after three years’ siege succeeded in taking
it, and carrying away the Israelites captive into Assyria.
The territories of the banished Jews were occupied by a
mixed people, brought from different parts of the Assyrian
empire,—from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Se-
2
2 INTRODUCTION.
pharvaim. It is to these colonists that the name Samaritans
is specially, though not exclusively, applicable. According
to Josephus, they were called ovm> Cuth@i, as the fol-
lowing extract will show (B.ix.c. 14):—ol 8 perotxra Bévtes
eis THY > apdipevav XvOaioi—raitn yap éypavto péype
dedp0 TH mpoonyopia, Sia TO éx Ths KovOds Kadovpéevns
xapas petayOjvat, attn & éotiv év 7H Ilepoise nal trotapos
Todt’ éywv dvowa, etc.
It appears, moreover, that these colonists were infested
with lions, on account of their idolatry; and believing the
cause of this visitation to be their ignorance of the worship
due to the ‘‘ God of the land,” they resolved to request Shal-
maneser to send them a priest or priests of the captive people,
who might teach them ‘“ the manner of the God of the
land.” (This request was complied with,—a priest was sent.
But it does not appear that the instruction he imparted had
the effect of totally eradicating idolatry from among them;
for we read, that ‘‘ they feared the Lord, but served their
graven images.” How long this semi-idolatry continued it
is impossible to say: it would appear, however, that on
the return from the Babylonish captivity it had ceased; for
they not only made an application to Judah and Benjamin
to be allowed to participate in rebuilding the temple, for
which the latter had obtained a decree, but added, as if
reprobating their former wickedness, ‘‘ we seek your God,
as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of
Esar-haddon, king of Assur, which brought us up here.”
This proposal was refused by Ezra and Nehemiah, and the
other Jews; who were not only empowered by the decree of
Cyrus to rebuild their temple, but also to fortify their city.
This refusal on the part of the Jews, gave rise to that im-
INTRODUCTION. 3
placable and deadly hatred which ever after existed between
themselves and the Samaritans.
The latter, by their calumnies and intrigues at the court
of Persia, at length forced the Jews to desist from their
work. We are told that they ‘“ hired counsellors against
them ;” and to judge from the proceedings recorded in
Ezra, c. iv., there can be no doubt that the Samaritans were
actuated by the most. fiendish spleen. They are even said to
have gone so far as to attempt to hinder the rebuilding by
force, but without success, for the temple was completed.
The Jews never forgaye the Samaritans: and as an in-
stance of the contempt and abhorrence in which they held
the latter, we may mention the saying, ‘“‘ he who eateth
bread of a Cuthean shall be as one who eateth pork.” The
Jews even refused to write a copy of the law on a Samaritan
parchment.
What their feelings were, therefore, when it was resolved
to build a rival temple to their own, may be more easily
imagined than described.
Manasses, brother of the high-priest, and son-in-law of
Sanballat, the governor of Samaria, was ordered, in common
with the other Jews, to give up his ‘“ strange wife.” He
refused, and was consequently compelled to fly for protection
to his father-in-law.
On the representation of Sanballat, that the building of
a temple in opposition to that of the Jews would tend to
weaken the latter,—whom he represented as a nation ever
disaffected, and always ready for revolution,—a temple
was built by the Samaritans on mount Gerizim, of which
Manasses was made high priest.
Shortly after the building of this temple, the Samaritans
4 INTRODUCTION.
revolted from Alexander, who expelled them, and put
Macedonians in their place, and gave the province to the
Jews. After Alexander’s death, Ptolemy Lagus subdued
both Judxa and Samaria, and carried away numbers of Jews
and Samaritans to Egypt. Samaria afterwards fell into the
hands of John Hyrcanus the Jewish chief priest; and soon
after him into the hands of the Romans, during whose rule
Herod Antipater rebuilt the temple and city with great
magnificence, to which he gave the name Sebaste, or
Augusta. At the present time, few of this once powerful
people exist. Scaliger, who was desirous of being informed
of their customs, wrote two letters, one to the Samaritans
of Egypt, and the other to the chief priest, who resides at
Neapolis, in Syria. Their answers are now in existence,
and are well worthy of perusal.
We shall close the preceding brief sketch of the Sama-
ritans, with a short account of their language and Penta-
teuch; and especially of what is called the Samaritan Version.
But as our remarks have been, and must be brief, we may
refer those who wish for complete information on the
subject, to the Proleg. of Walton’s Polyglot, Gesenius
“de origine et indole Samaritani Pentateuchi,” Cellarius,
Schwarzius, Scaliger, Hottinger, and others.
The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew,
Chaldee, and Syriac. Among the words derived from these
sources, are to be recognised a great number of Cuthxan
words, imported, doubtlessly, by the new colonists.
Some of the words borrowed from the former languages
have undergone various transformations, as will be seen
hereafter, while others have remained entire and unchanged.
The sympathies of the language are decidedly Syro-
INTRODUCTION. 5
Chaldaic, as the reader will observe in the sequel. This is
probably to be attributed to the fact, that while the Sama-
ritans sought to fashion their own tongue after the manner
of that of the Syrians, who were situated in Decapolis, north
of Samaria; they scrupulously eschewed every thing which
savoured of their southern neighbours, against whom they
appear to have entertained the most implacable hatred.
There does not appear to be any substantial ground for the
affirmation of Cellarius, that the Samaritan dialect was ruder
and less polished than those of its neighbours. renerally
speaking, it is far more simple in its syntax than the Hebrew,
and free from those technical constructions with particles,
which are especially found in the latter. It does not, how-
ever, appear to convey ideas more imperfectly than the
Hebrew; on the contrary, there are cases in which its simple
diction seems paramount to that of the latter; and to judge
of a tongue by the utilitarian principle, that it was made
for man, so far the Samaritan successfully attains the end for
which language was in part designed. There is one pecu-
larity in the Samaritan, which especially arrests our atten-
tion; and that is, the promiscuous interchange of the so called
guttural letters: but whether this is an argument against the
axptBela of the language, it is not our intention to determine.
It has been previously stated, that besides a large number
of words borrowed from the three principal dialects of the
Shemitic family, the Samaritan language is found to contain
words foreign to all three of them. The historical fact, that
the Cuthzi held possession of the Samaritan territories after
the Babylonish captivity, or else that the Jews, on their
return from Assyria, imported a number of exotic words
previously unknown to their own and the cognate dialects,
6 INTRODUCTION.
is not only sufficient to account for the presence of such
words, but also gives a clue to fixing the date when the
Samaritan dialect was formed. This appears to have been
about the seventh century before Christ. Previous to the
captivity, there is every reason to believe that the Alphabet
now called the Samaritan, was also employed by the Jews
in transcribing those copies of the law which were disse-
minated throughout the tribes of Israel. The Pentateuch,
known as the Hebreo-Samaritan, appears to support this
supposition; for although written in Samaritan characters,
the difference between it and the authorised Hebrew Pen-
tateuch is'so small, that there can be no difficulty in pro-
nouncing the former to be a copy of the latter, or rather
the latter a copy of the former; for, notwithstanding the
ingenuity of Kopp, it is highly probable that on their return
the Jews adopted, instead of their ancient characters, the
Chaldee, now called the Hebrew, in which the Sacred text,
as restored by Ezra, was written. In fact, the coincidence
between the Hebrew and Hebrao-Samaritan text is so re-
markable, that it induced Morinus to say of the latter,
‘“‘purum putum Mosis Pentateuchum.” The whole question,
however, of the priority which ought to be given to one
of these two copies of the Law, apparently turns upon the
point as to whether the Assyrian characters were known
among the Jews previous to the Babylonish captivity,—a
question which it is not our purpose to discuss here. The
Samaritan Version, which is written in the Samaritan
dialect, and of which the following work is a Grammar,
claims especial notice in this place.
We have previously spoken of the language in which it
was written, whose genius is well set forth in the following
INTRODUCTION. 7
extract from the Atlas Ethnographique of the learned Adrien
Balbi:—“ Le Samaritain tient de l’Hébreu, du Chaldéen, et
du Syriaque; mais différe cependant d’une manidre assez
notable de ces idiomes, soit par ses formes grammaticales,
soit par des racines qui lui sont propres, soit par des accep-
tions particuliéres de celles qui lui sont communes avec les
autres dialectes sémitiques.”
A few remarks upon the time, and author ofthis Version,
will not be out of place here.
Upon the question of téme, many illustrious scholars are
at issue. Gesenius, in his learned discourse on the origin
and character of the Samaritan Pentateuch, is disposed to
place its execution some centuries after Christ. Hottinger
and Walton, on the other hand, considered it of the highest
antiquity. The illustrious orientalist Gesenius has not
favoured us with the grounds upon which he came to the
preceding conclusion, whereas the opinion of the two latter
scholars appears to be supported by as reasonable hypotheses
as the case admits.
In the first place, the internal evidence of the Version is
sufficient to show that it is not older than the Babylonish
captivity, in fact, that it must have been made after the
building of the temple, under the auspices of Sanballat, the
governor of Samaria; because the words rendered in our
Version (Deut. xxvii. 4) by Mount Ebal, were changed by
them into MAMA TAXI in Mount Gerizim. This could
not have been done till after the building of their temple.
The reader who will take the trouble to consult Schwarzius,
will find also another reason, which, however hypercritical
it may seem, is certainly no less conclusive than the pre-
ceding.
8 INTRODUCTION.
Moreover, the analogy which the corresponding Hebrew
version bears to the Samaritan will probably enable us to
fix more precisely the time when the latter was written.
During the long captivity of the Jews in Babylon, few,
if any of them, could have retained their own language free
from the contamination of that oftheir conquerors. Besides,
on the termination of that captivity, all the old Jews who
had been removed from their country must have been dead:
and if we suppose the Assyrian king carried away their
infant children, we cannot doubt that few at the restoration,
judging from the ordinary length of human life, remained
alive to return; and those who did must certainly have
spoken the language of their conquerors. Most of the Jews
who returned to their country must have been men who
had been born in Assyria; so that the Law in the original
Hebrew must have been to them pretty much the same as a
book written in the standard English of the present day
would be to a real Lancashire provincialist. The conse-
quence was, that a paraphrase was made called Targumin,
and by this means the Jews were enabled to understand
that which, from their ignorance of their vernacular lan-
guage, must have otherwise remained almost a dead letter.
Judging, therefore, from analogy, it seems reasonable to
suppose that the Samaritan version was made for a similar
purpose, and about the same time.
That it was made for a public purpose is highly probable
from.the fact that such works were usually undertaken with
that view; and there is no reason to believe that a private
individual would undertake and complete such a work for his
own amusement, much less that such an attempt would have
escaped the ravages of time as the Samaritan has, and have
INTRODUCTION. 9
been handed down to.our own age. This supposition, toge-
ther with the fact that the independence of the Samaritans
appears to have had no existence after the time of Alexander,
would at least be presumptive evidence that it is coeval
with the Targumin; because, generally speaking, works for
national use are not undertaken when a nation’s nationality
is destroyed, or its independence lost.
As regards the author of this version, nothing is known;
his name has not transpired, like those of Onkelos, Jonathan,
and Saad. The way, however, in which he has performed
his work, with few solitary exceptions, (and those probably
due to the inaccuracy of the librarii, who have here, as in
other cases, disfigured the original text by innovations, either
the result of design or negligence,) will justify the words of
Schwarzius: ‘‘ Caeterum nostro, quisquis demum ille fuerit,
interpreti variz et ingenii et doctrine laudes meritd defe-
runtur.”
SAMARITAN GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER I.
1. THe Samaritan letters are the same in number as the
Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; they have the same power,
and the same names. The following Table contains the
Alphabets of the four languages :—
Names. * Samaritan. ae Syriac. Powers.
Chaldee.
Aleph Xe wx] NS | vowel a.
Beth 9 gq Wy; 3j|. our 6 or v.
Gimel T 7 O° AIX] &
Daleth 4) 2 d.
He x s/n a vowel e.
Vau x xX 4 ° vowel w or consonant v.
Zain Ag $ wo; 7 1 we
Cheth wa «& To ow guttural zh.
Teth Vv 2B ai ae ar
Yod m mr g ’ re vowel z or consonant j.
Kaph Ss 4 3] > | aharde.
Lamed 2 Z ) BS 1.
Mem 3 4 ¥ bd » m.
Nun a a 2 3 3 n
Samech A ? D | S.
Ayin Vv 0 y S vowel o.
Pe a a 49/ Bb] 2 por.
Tsade mm mM x 3 Pa
Coph P ag P re) a very hard &.
Resch s q 5 ; r
Schin ae OME wy | sch.
Tau N N n Zz th.
DIVISION OF LETTERS. 11
The Samaritan Alphabet may be written in various ways.
The first of the three columns of letters given above contains
the Alphabet as edited by Brian Walton in his Polyglot
Bible, and Edmund Castel in his Heptaglot Lexicon, and is
the mode of writing adopted in this Grammar. The second
column contains the Alphabet as adopted by Scaliger, and
Leusdenius in his Syriac Grammar. The third column
contains the letters which Castel affirms are especially used
in MSS.
The Samaritans have no means of distinguishing between
the Hebrew letters and vw, both of which may be repre-
sented by *. There are only a few purely Hebrew words
involving &, in which that letter is represented by ; as,
yyw for no; 2eaer for Syn, etc.; for in most other
words, where analogy requires Sin, they imitate the Syrians,
and use A; as, SAV for Wy, 449 for W2, etc.
The Samaritans have no final or dilatable forms, like the
Hebrews, for any of the letters, but use the same form under
all circumstances.
DIVISION OF LETTERS.
2. The letters of the Alphabet are divided into five
classes, according to the organs of speech chiefly employed
in articulating them; viz., Gutturals Vax; Labials 38x49;
Palatals pymrt; Linguals 4\32,V9; and Dentals MATT Ay -
The preceding is the division of Castel. It will be seen
hereafter, that the five letters AXMmVvx may be advan-
tageously considered as vowels, or matres lectionis.
There is another division of letters into Radicals and
Serviles. The Radical letters are those which constitute
a root or primitive form. The Serviles such as are added to
12 READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY.
the Radicals in derivation, conjugation, declension, and
composition.
All the Serviles may be Radicals, but the Radicals are
never Serviles. Those letters which are essentially Radical
are, *APMIVA YK Ay T- The Serviles, which may
also be Radicals arey WA BASMIAXTIL.
VOWELS.
3. The Samaritans have no points to mark the vowels,
like the Hebrews. To remedy this defect, various means
have been proposed. Some scholars are of opinion that
the Hebreo-Chaldaic method of punctuation ought to be
adopted; others the Syriac, among which the learned author
of the Heptaglot may be mentioned: he says, ‘‘ Lingua
Syriaca optima est ac certissima regula punctandi tam
Chaldaica, quam Samaritana.”
Cellarius has taken the mean between these extremes,
and, arguing from the fact that the Samaritan is for the
most part a compound of Chaldee, Syriac, and Hebrew, he
says, ‘‘ Liberiorem esse Samariticam pronunciationem, et que
in lingua illé sunt puré Ebrea, Ebreo forsitan more efferri
posse; que Syro-Chaldaica ad Syrorum indolem enunciari
debere.”
The remark of Hottinger, Anti. Mor. p. 34, that Jac.
Golius had been informed by an individual acquainted with
the Samaritans at Damascus, that the pronunciation of the
latter was rough and inartificial, would, perhaps, justify the
belief that such was the case in ancient times. This sup-
position receives confirmation from the fact that the Syrians
and Arabs, who bordered as closely on the Hebrews as the
VOWELS. 13
Samaritans, have never admitted into their languages all
those subtle rules of punctuation adopted by the Jews.
The chief vowel or mater lectionis made use of by the
Samaritans is 4, as is manifest from the frequent occurrence
of this letter or its substitutes in Samaritan words. This
fact must be carefully borne in mind, because in combi-
nations of letters which cannot be properly pronounced
without a vowel, we may suppose this vowel inserted.
The reader who is an advocate of the Masoretic punc-
tuation cannot do better than follow the advice given by
Cellarius. There is, however, no necessity for his doing so;
for it is not only easy to read the Samaritan without points,
but the whole of the Shemitic languages in which they are
omitted. The questionable authenticity of those points
ought to be a great objection to their use, especially in the
Samaritan, where no regular system of punctuation has been
adopted.
We may suppose, therefore, the letters 4, X, Mm, V, %,
which are chiefly called guiescents, to be the vowels or
matres lectionis which are to be employed in reading the
Samaritan language. These letters are equivalent to our
five vowels a, ¢, i, 0, u respectively.
There cannot possibly be any objection to extend to the
individual letters of the Samaritan exactly the same usage
as is observed in our own language; thus, when any letter
or consonant, as 5, d, g, etc., is pronounced, we are com-
pelled to add a short vowel to it, though that vowel is not
expressed; thus, we pronounce the preceding letters be, de,
ge, etc., adding the short vowel e to each. In the Sanserit
language the short a or ST is usually omitted. Thus ite
where there are two consonants without a vowel, is pro-
14 READING AND ORTHOGRAPIIY.
nounced kara; FTL katara, etc. Moreover, in our own
language, words with short vowels are usually pronounced
so rapidly, that if the consonants were written without the
vowels we should have no difficulty in recognising them;
as, for instance, who does not immediately recognise the
words bkr, mckrl, mrnr, slr, etc., as baker, mackerel, mariner,
seller, etc.? The same might be observed in other lan-
guages, where, on the omission of the short vowels, the
consonants are sufficient to indicate the word. Vide Coptic
Gram.
Judging, therefore, from analogy, it is reasonable to sup-
pose that the short vowels were omitted in Samaritan words,
while the long ones were usually expressed by the letters
‘ez, 3X, M™, V, ¥- And in every case where a vowel is re-
quired after a letter, we may suppose the mater lectionis to
be ‘the short a of the Sanscrit, and supply it accordingly.
We shall subjoin a specimen from Gen. i. 1, 2, of the
manner in which the language may be read; presuming, of
course, the student is aware that, in common with all the
Shemitic languages (with the exception of the Abyssinian
branch), the Samaritan is read from right to left.
Samaritan, MSOs AM 3X26 ° AZ XATASPS
Pronunciation. shumié ith Aleé tlimis B’kimauthe
Samaritan. AMRIT MIPMAT V8 ATX AVA
Pronunciation. v'k3shice vrikni shame eiith V'aroé
The short vowels are marked; the others may be pro-
nounced long and distinctly. The student will find no
difficulty in reading, by adopting this course: we would,
however, remind him of the pithy remark of Cellarius,
‘« Linguas hasce addiscimus non tam colloquendi causa, quam
intelligendi scripta monumenta Orientalium Populorum.”
ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 15
4. The Samaritans distinguish each word by means of a
thick point placed after the word; as, 22° “m2. At
the end of a period they generally use the sign :; sometimes
the simple distinctive *, at others -:. When the sense is
suspended and imperfect, instead of our colon they substitute
the sign ** placed above the word and after it. Sometimes
the single point is used instead of it, and vice versd.
They have various signs to supply the place of our full
stop; as, =, <3, =<, —-<, or -%. The first is that
which is more frequently used.
Sometimes between two verses or lines we find stops com-
pounded of some of the preceding; as, <-;-==-!-<.
It must be observed, however, that these signs apparently
depend on the caprice of the writer, and are found differently
written in all the copies of the Pentateuch.
The small horizontal line - which is sometimes placed
over letters, has various meanings. In the first place, it
signifies that an ambiguous word is not to be taken in its
usual acceptation; as, *% a name, but %4%* Shem, the son
of Noah; 2% God, but 2% the preposition to or at. In
the second place, it isa sign of apocope; as, A+ for 3%
thou. Or else it is a sign of cacography; as, Gen. xxix.
32, 34, “3 which ought to have been 344 his name.
The Samaritans do not divide their words at the end of a
line; but, if a word be too long, they reserve it for the next
line; and, in the mean time, write the last word in such a
manner that the two last letters may fall at the end of the
line, divided from the rest of the word without any mark ; as,
Quy ms2, * X44 ° 4V with Moses, saying.
5. Before proceeding further, it is necessary to remark,
that there are three parts of speech recognised in the
16 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Grammar, viz. the Noun, Verb, and Particle; in which
order they will be considered.
CHAPTER II.
THE NOUN.
1. THe Samaritan nouns, like the Hebrew, may be con-
sidered as having their roots in the verb. They are formed
in various ways: some consist of radical letters alone; as,
23/4 a man, XZ God: others by the insertion of some
quiescent letter; as, AM Im a goat, AX] a judge, etc.; or
by the addition of a letter or letters to the beginning or end
of the root; as, 224% a word, XX} a judgment.
Some are derived from imperfect verbs; as, AMI a
stranger, (X3A history, etc.
The quadriliteral nouns are such as are composed of four
radical letters. They are usually read with some quiescent;
as, 23PA3 a treaty.
The adjectives are found to vary in their formation, like
nouns substantive; as, “MP holy, XNA pitiful, A2VAV
naked, etc.
In a rudimentary Grammar like the present, a critical
discussion of the various senses of the nouns, according to
the species of the verb from which they are derived, would
be out of place. The Lexicon will supply their senses,
which will be sufficient for all practical purposes.
In the Samaritan, as well as in the other Shemitic or
Syro-Arabian languages, there are only two genders, Mas-
culine and Feminine.
THE NOUN. 17
The Feminine supplies the place of a Neuter gender.
Nouns of the Masculine gender are usually known by
their termination or signification. By the former, when
they end in a radical letter, or servile other than ¥ or A*;
as, “4 a man, MAAIV an Hebrew; by the latter, when
the subject of the noun is masculine; as, x24. God.
Nouns of the Feminine gender are also known by their
termination or signification. By the former, when they end
in ¥ and A*; as, X2xA% @ maid servant; by the latter,
when the subject of the noun is essentially feminine; as,
28% Rachel, Gen. xxxiii. 7; “4 a mother, Exod. xx. 12.
The nouns expressing districts and cities are generally
feminine. Sometimes under one termination both genders
are included. This is especially the case with the names of
animals, as in the Hebrew.
Some nouns, though terminating in an essential mas-
culine characteristic, are, however, feminine; as, Lev. v. 1,
NVBN ' She * MAF and when a soul sins. So VAK. the
earth, KM breath, SMV an eye. As no fixed rules can be
given for determining the genders, they can only be ac-
quired by reading and observation.
There are two Numbers,—the Singular and Plural. It is
scarcely necessary to recognise a Dual number, since, in
consequence of the absence of diacritical points in the Sama-
ritan, there are no means of distinguishing it from the plural.
Cellarius apparently inclines to the opinion, that the dual
number, if it occur at all, is not supported by sufficiently
conclusive examples to justify us in attempting to establish
it as one of the essential numbers of the Samaritan language.
* Nouns in ¥ and ff, apocopated for ¥AX and XAM (§5, 9) are
however feminine.
3
18 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Morinus, however, is of opinion, that # inserted before the
termination is probably characteristic of the dual; thus,
sem SS Ao, Gen. xxvii. 36. Many exceptions may be taken
to the use of this letter as an essential mark of the dual
number, and none stronger than that of 4smmsxor in Exod.
xvi. 29, where it is absolutely necessary that the Hebrew
dual 0%¥ should be emphatically marked, so as to prevent
the possibility of confounding it with the plural,—such,
however, is not the case. The terminal 4/4, which is sup-
ported by Castel, does not depend upon sufficiently conclusive
examples to justify its adoption asa mark of this number.
All the pertinent examples produced of it by the learned
author of the Heptaglot are accompanied by numerals,
which, in the absence of a characteristic termination of the
noun, supply the place of the dual number. The termination
‘4 is evidently plural. The same remarks apply to the
form 3/4 in Gen. xxxiii. 1, which is accompanied by the
numeral; as, XV/AYYYY MAAN two handmaids.
The existence of a dual in the Hebrew language, essen-
tially different from the plural, is entirely due to the
Masoretic points. In such cases as the one given above
from Exod. xvi. 29, where there is an apparent necessity for
distinguishing the numbers, it is doubtful whether this dis-
tinction is not as clearly pointed out by the context, inde-
pendent of the diacritical distinction, as it would be by the
addition of a numeral which removes all ambiguity. And
in the case just mentioned this numeral is actually expressed
. . 7
in the Syriac; as, woo, 92.
STATES OF NOUNS.
2. The Samaritans, like the Syro-Chaldees, have three
THE NOUN. 19
states or forms of nouns, viz., the absolute, emphatic, and
constructive. In each of these states we have to consider the
formation of gender and number.
ABSOLUTE STATE.
3. Singular Masculine—Every noun which is used. simply
or absolutely, or which does not govern another usually
expressed by our genitive, is said to be in the absolute state;
as, 42 a hing, \9'1 a master, etc.
4. Plural Masculine—The affinity which the Samaritan
bears to the Chaldzo-Syriac, might lead us to expect that
the plural termination ‘mr of the latter would be far more
used than the Hebrew mr. Such, however, is not the
case, as the more usual form is “4M; thus, 4mrs<m days,
SMAI judges, etc. Cellarius rightly affirms that the
vast majority of nouns are thus formed.
The Syro-Chaldaic form will also be found, though, com-
paratively speaking, rarely; as, \M9 sons, IMIMV eyes, etc.
Nouns ending in mr omit one of the consecutive yods,
which concur in affixing the plural terminal; as, Exod.
xxxiv. 24, 4mxv1° ‘4wmtad many nations, for * smm1rd
SMMT.
Some masculine nouns form their plural like those of the
feminine gender; as, 3X9 fathers, 3X4 names.
The two nouns, “4mm'K life, sims a countenance, have
no singular number: this is also the case with some others.
The Hebrew ecthlipsis of mf in the formation of the plural
number is also to be remarked; thus, 4m/A9 Aouses, from
AM in the singular number, the Hebrew plural being °F.
5. Feminine Singular—The feminine singular of this state
20 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
is formed by adding the suffiz 3; as, X23 A a maid servant,
xm a beast, from 2xA‘%, MK respectively.
As regards the termination “, Cellarius doubts whether
it is legitimately employed here in expressing the feminine;
he refers all nouns in AX and /vim to the constructive rather
than to the absolute state.
Characteristic of this gender also are ¥ and m; as, Exod.
xx. 16, SV<A testimony; Deut.x.18, MAA a garment.
The adjectives in this state have no other mark for the
feminine than ¥; as, ‘smvyp living, masc., X4MVP, fem.;
mams Egyptian, masc., xmaims, fem. This is the case
also with all names of people and races.
6. Feminine Plural.—The feminine plural is formed by
the suffix 3, the Chaldee 1,; as, 3242 complete, 3409 bless-
ings, ANIA great, etc.: ‘\ may also be preceded by #4; as,
SAMAP cities, IXAI Aine, from MAP, XJ respectively.
The feminine nouns 4ma™ years, “4m2.4 words, “4M
stones, etc., follow the masculine gender in the plural num-
ber. So with 3m’ women, which has no singular number.
EMPHATIC STATE.
7. Masculine Singular—When a noun is to be expressed
emphatically, this is done by affixing ¥ to the noun, which
is then said to be in the emphatic state; as, x32.4. God.
XM“ the man, WV the people, etc. Sometimes the
Hebrew prefix 7 is employed, especially with pronouns and
participles, as will be seen in the Chapter on the Particles.
Such cases are, however, rare, and foreign to the genius
of a language, which from its Syro-Chaldaic sympathies,
denoted the emphatic state by a suffix, not a prefix.
THE NOUN. 21
_ Nouns ending in ms on assuming the suffiz ¥ drop the
penult. mr; as, X4\9V the Hebrew, for 3MAA9V. Simi-
larly, XAAM2A third, X4VMIN fourth, from mAAMLA
and m/A-VMa respectively, etc.
8. Masculine Plural—tLike the Chaldee, the absolute ter-
minal “sr becomes XM; as, XMA9 houses, for “4mrV-4, ete.
Nouns in mr of the abdsol. sing., instead of xm in the plural
emphat., adopt XMM; as, XM/I% boys, from XM, etc.
The names of races and patronymics end in mA, as in
absol. sing.; thus, m-%2, Levites, MA3VI Canaanites, etc.
Nouns only found in the plural are regularly inflected;
as, xmm«x life, from 24mrm'K ; ANPSX” the heavens, from
TPT, etc.
Similarly xm women (fem.), is derived from the abso-
lute mS or IMD.
9. Feminine Singular—The feminine singular of this
state is formed by changing the absolute terminal 3 into
XA; as, XAT the earth, from ITA; AAKMMTP holy,
from 3“ MSP, ete.
Nouns ending in ¥ and madd ¥/4; as, ¥V33R%A* from
Syed; X/M2ZI from m23, etc. Cellarius considers the
emphatic forms of such words as having been once the
absolute, whence by apocope those in ¥ and ff arose.
Some nouns are feminine in gender, but masculine in the
termination of their absolute state; as, **33 the soul, Sh a
hand, etc. Such words form their emphatic state like nouns
masculine; as, 323, 39%; similarly xvAA% the land.
The use of the letter 4 in 44V4* thy land, Deut. xxi. 23,
presupposes an absolute form xv. Vide Chap. IV. § 11.
10. Feminine Plural.—This is more frequently used than
the absolute, from which it is formed by changing 4 into
22 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
3%, if 4 be preceded by #% or X, but if not, into ¥+/*; as,
XAAMAP from IMAP, VASA from 3449; XAHXMZI
wonders, XNX3%9 beasts, or with f for X as in Gen. i. 26,
Deut. xxxiv. 11. Similarly from SmrAamy Egyptians
(fem.), we have, dropping mM, ¥A/AIMS ; from SMAA9V
Hebrews, comes XV MAAQV ; also without m, Exod. i. 19.
The following masculine nouns are similarly formed, viz.,
XNA. fathers, ANA“ names, AMIS Jishes, Num.
xi. 5, from 3¥4%'3 or 3x3 from Chald. 8233.
CONSTRUCTIVE STATE.
11. Masculine Singular —This is the same as the absolute
masculine singular. The nouns 9/ father, ‘KA brother,
assume Mf in the constructive state like the Hebrew; as, Gen.
x. 21, AKAM’ Mme AAV MA’ 28° OMI ATX He
was the father of all the sons of Eber, brother of Japheth.
The noun @%, though often used by the Hebrews, is
usually replaced among the Samaritans by maa Gen.
xiv. 12; m2A xxii. 23.
12. Masculine Plural—The terminal letters of the abso-
lute and emphatic masculine plural, viz. 4, ‘3, X are omitted
in the formation of the constructive state; thus, “M23
angels in the absolute state, becomes M24 in the con-
structive; as, ‘YMx2%- ' M244 angels of God; * Mw
Xm face of the water, etc.
13. Feminine Singular—This is formed from the em-
phatic state of the same number and gender, by omitting
the final letter ¥ and retaining the penult. 4; as, * “3™m79
TIA. the wickedness of man; which is XA3*M4 in the
emphatic state; 42/4 ' NAMA the word of God; * AM
XVAM beast of the earth, from AMR, or XVM.
THE NOUN. 23
14. Feminine Plural.—The constructive feminine plural
ends in 4, the Chaldee n,. The mater lectionis . some-
times precedes this termination; as, Gen. xlix. 26, ° MAT
SBAT* STINK * NA the blessings of thy father and thy
mother have prevailed; Gen. vi. 2, XS * WA'S9 the
daughters of the man.
The following masculine nouns follow this form; viz.
NAIK. father, NIB names, AMS fishes. Examples
are, Num. xxxl. 26, 34°34 ' AXON * MPAA the heads
of the fathers of the congregation; Gen. xxxvi. 40, * AX
Pev maga the names of the dukes of Esau; Gen. i. 26,
VSM AMAT jishes of the sea.
These observations will be sufficient to show the modes
employed in forming the different states of nouns.
CASES.
15. The genitive case is the only one marked by inflec-
tion; the others are formed by prefixing prepositions to the
nouns, sometimes separable, sometimes inseparable.
The genitive case is not only formed constructively, after
the manner explained in § 11-14, but also with the Syriac
prefix 3; as, Gen. xxii. 18, 4VAAKS . YSV ' 28 all the
people of the earth; Exod. xx. 16, ap*y * SV false
witness ; Num. xxi. 9, “WIA * KS brazen serpent. This
case-mark is far more frequently used by the Syrians than
the Samaritans.
The dative and ablative cases are formed by inseparable
prefixes; as, 4m'392, fo thy sons, my~9 in my name, etc.;
also by separables, as, AM * 3 from the house, * Ama
x4V between the people, etc.
The accusative or objective case is formed by prefixing
24 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
the separable word ”vm (the Chaldee n‘) to the noun; as,
AVA AMX XMS * At the heavens and the earth.
Sometimes by prefixing *4V, which is properly a prepo-
sition signifying with like the Hebrew M8; as, Exod. iv. 25,
2599 28V' AYMVP she cut off the foreskin; Exod. xx. 24,
mys osv Wash. I have recorded my name. In all
these cases it is probable that the preposition *4V has, as
far as we are aware, lost its original force and become re-
dundant; though, from the similar instances found in other
languages, this construction would seem to have originally
arisen from phrases in which the force of the preposition
was emphatically marked. The same remarks apply to
444 in Exod. xxxii. 35, where we find 344V ' 344° JL he
plagued the people.
As in other languages, in the absence of a particle, the
active verb is a sign of the accusative case.
The vocative case is the same as the nominative.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
16. There are three degrees of comparison: the positive,
comparative, and superlative; each of which is defined as in
other languages.
Of the positive degree nothing need be said.
The comparative is formed by 3%, a preposition con-
veying an idea of superiority; as, AVA SV" 4" 4MrTA
more than the people of the land, Exod. v.5; m¥3° Xap
more righteous than I, Gen. xxxviii. 26.
The superlative is formed by an adverb; as, Gen. i. 31,
Amv" GW very good: or by doubling the positive; as,
AMA * AMV very greatly, Gen. xvii. 2.
ADJECTIVES.
NUMERALS.
25
17. The numeral nouns are divided into two classes,
Cardinal and Ordinal; as their construction is sufficiently
explained in the Syntax on Adjectives, it will be sufficient
in this place to give tables of both classes.
The following is a Table of the Cardinals:—
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Mase.
AVX
SMW
NLA
VINA
MALS
NN»
va
MA
Ver
AAV
Twenty
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Sixty
Seventy
Eighty
Ninety
Hundred
Thousand
Fem.
INK
AMAA
XALN
XVIVA
E eenath4
XA
xvau
AVS
XV
AAAV
WMYAV
MMA
STV IN
SAS TPP
4 (772924.
MV
TAS Ae
BTV
SATS
Avan
and A/A™
In the formation of the numerals between ten and a
hundred, the less is commonly put before the greater ; as,
26 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
AAV ' ATH eleven, SMVYA' ALA eighty-three, etc. This
tule is, however, relaxed in the case of numbers exceeding
a hundred; as, 34 *' SMAAVT * TAH 9 X4AYT
but Moses was a son of one hundred and twenty years, Deut.
xxxiv. 7.
In the Samaritan language, as in the other oriental
tongues, the ordinal numbers do not exceed ten: beyond
that, their place is supplied by the cardinal; as, Num.
XXXII. 38, YSMVIAAX * A394 tn the fortieth year.
The Ordinals are:—
First sa or SK Sixth SAMA
Second x50” Seventh xvm—ra~
Third 3AM2”" Eighth 3308”
Fourth xvmay Ninth XVM
Fifth = 37K Tenth XAMAV
The forms mA24%sPp and mA4P are also read for THA.
These numerals are sometimes found to end in ¥/ instead
of 3, a termination which may be compared with the Chal-
dee AN.
The distributive numerals are expressed by repeating the
cardinals; as, SMA * “8MTA/ two by two, etc.
For further information upon this subject, the student is
referred to the Syntax.
THE VERB. 27
CHAPTER III.
THE VERB.
1. THE second part of speech is the verb, which we now
proceed to consider; and, in so doing, two things claim
especial attention:—First, the species of the verb, by which
are meant its various forms and conjugations:—Secondly,
the mode of inflecting each species or form through its
moods, tenses, and persons.
2. The primitive species consists of radical letters alone
(generally three in number), as in the Hebrew.
3. The derivative species are formed from the primitive
by the addition of servile letters, which mark the peculiar
characteristics of each.
4, Edmund Castel, in his Heptaglot Lexicon, recognises
in the Samaritan as many different species of the verb, or as
many forms as are found among the Syrians and Chaldees;
that is, six,—three active and three passive: the active
are respectively called Pehal, Pahel, and Aphel; and the
corresponding passives, Ethpehel, Ethpahal, and Ettaphal.
The primitive species is Pehal; all the rest are derivative.
Morinus, however, is of opinion that, in consequence of the
absence of diacritical points in the Samaritan dialect, there
are only three distinct conjugations, viz. Pehal, Aphel, and
Ethpehel or Ethpahal.
The difference of opinion which exists between Castel and
Morinus, as to the number of conjugations may be reconciled
by regarding the two conjugations Pehal and Pahel of the
28 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
former, which appear to differ but slightly in form, as one
and the same species; and the three passive forms, whose
individuality cannot be easily discerned, as in reality but
one form; we have then only three conjugations.
Castel’s division is, however, not only supported by Syro-
Chaldean usage, but in the Samaritan language itself there
is, doubtlessly, evidence to show that Pehal and Pahel are
not only distinct in signification but also frequently in form.
This is especially the case in the infinitives and participles,
as may be inferred from the few examples which Cellarius
has given in his Grammar: he quotes TP of the conjugation
Pehal from Exod. xx. 5, which is used in the sense of visiting,
whereas SPI of the conjugation Pahel is found in Deut.
iv. 2, in the sense of commanding. Compare also YA\9%
Gen. xi. 3; AO Num. xxiii. 10, etc., ‘que frustra ad
Pehal reduxeris, partim jformatione, partim significatione
repugnante.”
The individuality of the passive forms cannot be so de-
fended: generally speaking, there is apparently no reason
why they should not be considered one and the same,
though used in different senses. There can scarcely be any
doubt, however, that the Samaritans and the other tribes of
the Shemitic family were able to distinguish accurately in
pronunciation the different senses of a word consisting of
the same combination of letters; or, at least, that the sense
could easily be conjectured “ ex serie orationis,” supposing
the pronunciation the same; under these circumstances we
shall adopt the division of Castel, and in the first place give
the signification of each of these species, upon which their
classification must depend in the absence of distinct forms.
5. The first conjugation, or Pehal, the Chaldee Pehal,
THE VERB. 29
and Hebrew Kal, has simply an active transitive or intran-
sitive signification; as, ‘39.Aq he sold, 299 he ceased.
The second conjugation, or Ethpehel, is the passive of
Pehal ; and, like the Chaldee Ethpehel and Hebrew Niphal,
has, generally speaking, a passive signification; as, ' 42%
4X2 ° MAM * V4 Because there he was revealed unto him,
Gen. xxxv. 7; 359° STONAANT ' OR89* BTIN AA AD
ye shall not make yourselves unclean with them, that ye be
defiled thereby, Lev. xi. 43. .
The third conjugation, or Pahel, the Piel of the Hebrews,
has various senses. First, when the signification of Pehal
is intransitive, this conjugation renders it transitive; thus,
AAyV thou shalt return, Gen. iii. 19, of the conjugation
Pehal is intransitive, but in Pahel it is transitive; as,
4A9 * AM * SAQVA * AZAQV must I certainly bring back
thy son, Gen. xxiv. 5. It is causative, Gen. xv. 11, ° AAV
Magy “xm Abraham caused them to go away. Some-
times also it is intensitive
The fourth conjugation, or Ethpahal, is the passive of the
preceding, and as Pahel is frequently causative in an active
sense, this is causative in a passive one; as, *2 AVA
were finished, Gen. ii. 1, in the sense of having been caused
to be made or finished.
The fifth conjugation, or Aphel, the Hiphil of the Hebrew,
is usually the causative of Pehal; as, 3AM * V&AX and
caused it to be led about, Exod. xiii. 18. It may have the
sense of permitting, declaring, exhibiting what is indicated by
Pehal: as also a passive sense; thus, 2wvmt he shall be slain,
Num. xviii. 7; TRS’ they were anointed, Num. iii. 3, etc.
The sixth conjugation, like the Hebrew Hithpael, is
generally reflexive; as, A2AAm he shall cleanse himself,
30 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
AWEKAI he shall purify himself. It is sometimes found
actively ; as, TVBKAN they desired, Num. xi. 4.
We have previously stated, § 1, that each species is inflected
through moods, tenses, numbers, persons, and genders.
There are three modes, the indicative, imperative, and
infinitive. There is no difference between the subjunctive
or potential mood and the indicative in form ; they can only
be distinguished by the sense or context.
The indicative is susceptible of a definition similar to that
given to it in other languages.
The imperative mood is only used in commanding, ex-
horting, or imprecating; its place is supplied by the future
in forbidding, dissuading, and deprecating.
The infinitive mood expresses an action or passion; some-
times an intransitive notion indefinitely, that is, without
restriction to time, person, number, and gender, all of which
are regarded in the finite verb. This mood exactly resem-
bles the noun in its use, inasmuch as it is capable of receiving
nominal constructions, especially when used with the pre-
fixes 3, 2, 8, 4. Moreover, the sense resulting from
combination with these prefixes is such as is usually con-
veyed, or may be usually conveyed, by verbal nouns, and
hence it is that De Sacy, in his Arabic Grammar, prefers to
consider infinttives as verbal nouns. For instance, the word
mexx29, which is when I sent, may also be rendered by a
verbal noun on my sending. This is also the case in the
Hebrew, which, as well as the Samaritan, approximates to
the terse mode of construction followed by the Greeks, who
use the article with the infinitive, as, év TO wéumew. This
idiom is further exemplified in the Syntax.
The participle is nothing more than a noun adjective,
THE VERB. 31
carrying with it a notion of action or passion; it is scarcely’
necessary to remark that the laws for the formation of
gender, number, etc., are the same as those for nouns
adjective.
There are two tenses in the indicative alone, the perfect
and future. To express our present tense, the same method
is adopted as among the Hebrews. Vide Syntax.
The numbers are two, singular and plural.
The persons in each number of the perfect and future of
the indicative are three; but in ‘the imperative mood there
is only one person in each number, viz. the second; the
place of the third is supplied by the future tense.
There are two genders, masculine and feminine. It will
be observed that the first persons in each number are
common.
Subjoined is a Paradigm of a regular verb through its
different conjugations.
I. PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
5 M. SPA SSPA
, FL AvSPA MSPS
, M. ASP ATNSPI
F. MASPA AMASPA
1. MASPA and ASPA Wiepa and 4NP3
32 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
3 { M. Span AxSPIN
: F SPAY aspanr
9 { M. SPAY ATSPAV
: EF. mspar ATPAY
1. TPA sey
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
M. aN a) SSPI
2.
3 mspa “pa and X4A5P3
INFINITIVE MOOD.
SPA SPI ATPA ANVTPI
Also [according to Cellarius],
Spay STPIYy FTpayy *
PARTICIPLES.
Present. , Past.
SP XTPI SMP ATVMPA
* These forms belong rather to the third conjugation. Vide § 10.
THE VERB.
Il. ETHPEHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
P t M. SPANK SSPIANN
"LB ASP MPA
‘ M. ASPAAAN AINSPAN A
: FE. ASP AN SPAN SS
1. NSPINA SITPIA
ATPAAS
Future Tense.
Singular. Plural.
SPAN SzsPaAmr
SPINA ASPAA/
SPIAANN AZSPANAN
MSPAN A SdPAAA
SPAN A. SPAN}
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural.
SPIANN SSPANA
MVPANS XATPAALK.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
NSPANA NESPANSA
PARTICIPLE.
SPINS
33
34 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
‘Til. PAHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Same as the Perfect of the First Conjugation.
Future Tense.
Same as that of Pehal.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
M. SPQ ZNPQ
EF. OmVPps XATPI
INFINITIVE MOOD.
AVPIS
PARTICIPLE.
TPIS
IV. ETHPAHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Same as the Perfect of Ethpehel.
Future Tense.
Same as that of Ethpehel.
THE VERB.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Same as that of the Third Conjugation.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
NSVPANAS NESPIAN A
PARTICIPLE.
TPAA'S
Vv. APHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
3. { M. SPAN ZVPAN-
FL. AWSPAX- MSPAK-
9 f M ASPAYS ATAPI
"LB MASP SMASPAN
1. NSPAN DATPAA
Future Tense.
Same as that of Pehal.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
i M. SpA ZTPAN
= LF. msPar FITPIV-
35
36 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
XATVPAS
PARTICIPLE.
Smpyys and spas
VI. ETTAPHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Same as the Perfect of Ethpehel.
Future Tense.
Same as that of the Seeond Conjugation.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Same as that of Ethpehel.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
ANVPANSS
PARTICIPLE.
Very rarely occurs, perhaps not ai all.
THE VERB. 37
7. Upon the first conjugation, the following observations
will be found useful.
The preterite of the indicative of this conjugation is
formed like the Syriac, and differs both from the Hebrew
and Chaldee. The difference between the Hebrew and
Samaritan in the séagular is apparent in the third person
feminine; the former ending in (, and the latter in 4. In
the plural number, the Samaritan and Hebrew differ widely,
especially in the first and third person; the difference is
not so great between the Samaritan and Chaldee, though
remarkable in the first and third person feminine, both of
which end in &. Sometimes, however, the servile letter A
wise
is adopted, as in the Arabic \,4S, after the masculine ter-
mination ¥, as will be seen from the examples 4A4-7442V
Gen, xlix. 23, and 34-393 Num. xxxii 39. It must not
be forgotten, however, that in most cases of this kind the
pronominal suffix ¥ is found; so that 4. would seem to have
been added for the purpose of distinguishing more emphati-
cally between the verbal termination and the suffix.
It will, perhaps, be as well to observe, that the suffix
of the first person singular may be considered as attached
to the verbal root by the vowel ‘; for, as Morinus has
observed, * is sometimes expressed, as in Exod. xxxiv. 18,
BASRA I have commanded thee. This expression of *
may be accounted for on the ground that, as all the charac-
teristic terminations of the persons are derivable from the pro-
nouns expressing those persons respectively, we may suppose
the whole of the pronoun of the first person, viz. ma/*,
* The inserted letter 3, if we suppose it changed into 4, will give
the suffix for forming the first person singular, as ITN.
38 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
added to the root of the verb, without omitting the #.
This will lead us also to determine the vowels by which the
other suffixes may be supposed attached to the root, as the
second person singular, masculine and feminine, and the
whole of the plural, whose initial letters being 4, we may
suppose this to be the mater lectionis by which they are
connected with the verbal root.
The first person plural is usually expressed by double 4;
still it is to be found with a single 4 in the Pentateuch, as
the instance produced by Cellarius, from Num. xxi. 7, will
prove, where 322¥3 we have spoken, is read.
8. The future tense of this conjugation is decidedly
Chaldaic in its formation; it agrees as closely with the
Chaldee as the perfect does with the Syriac, because, though
the second person feminine singular is found usually with-
out the paragogic 4, it is frequently employed. The last
radical of the verb in the future tense 1s sometimes preceded
by z, the Syriac 6, and Hebrew }; as, 23p~4. Gen. vi. 7,
for 2p. The termination S¥ of the seeond and third
person plural is sometimes read = with the omission of the
‘4; thus, 3A“ Num. xxxv. 6, 72.V9m Gen. vill. 22. This
ecthlipsis of Nun no doubt induced Castel and Morinus to
consider it as paragogic; the frequent occurrence, however,
of this letter, as well as the coincidence of the future gene-
rally with the Chaldee, would seem to be a great objection
to the opinion entertained by those two scholars.
9. In the imperative mood, the Syriac 3 is very rarely
found before the last syllable. It must also be observed,
that, in the imperative mood, examples of the plural femi-
nine are very rare. Cellarius gives the following instances:
Sat AMM’ SV Gen. iv. 23, SPVAy Exod. ii. 20.
THE VERB. 39
10. In the paradigm we have given various forms of the
infinitive of Pehal, which is sometimes accompanied by the
Syriac Xo, but is more frequently without it; the form with 4
being chiefly confined to Pahel; in fact, there appears to be
no reason why this form should not be erelusively confined
to Pahel (except in the case of the infinitive of Aphel,.
which is generally known by the termination 3/4), espe-
cially when we consider that Pehal and Pahel have fre-
quently the same force, like Kal and Piel in the Hebrew.
Tt must be observed that the form with »s is seldom used
when the infinitive is construed with its verb; as, ‘24%
2smtA-, the governing preposition 9 being omitted. The
form frequently made use of among the Hebrews in this con-
struction is the infinitive of Kal, which being usually ren-
dered in the Samaritan version by the infinitive without 4,
is, to say the least of it, a circumstance which favours the
supposition previously made, that the form without the
prefix »4 is exclusively confined to Pehal, while that with
“ belongs to some of the other conjugations.
In some instances we find ¥ placed before the last radical ;
as, Num. xxiii. 11, 839° A399 thou hast certainly blessed ;
uz449 in gathering together, etc. This is frequently the
case in the construction followed in the first example; thus,
PAs PIs just gone out, Gen. xxvii. 30; AMA’ mIsA
Gen. xxxi.30. The paragogic x of the infinitive is changed
to A before suffixes; as, Num. x. 36, XA X39 when it
rested, where the paragogic ¥ has been changed to 4 before
the suffix x. The same may be said of the metabole of
x into A’¢ before suffixes, and when the infinitive is in
construction; as, S¥/AXMAS2, to purify them, Num. vii.
7,21; S4AMt' ABS RUS from loving you, Deut. vii. 8.
40 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
11. The first conjugation has two participles, called
Benoni and Pehil, corresponding to the Chaldee partici-
ples of the same name; the former answers in sense to the
Latin participle in ens; the latter generally to the perfect
participle in ¢us; thus, MP2 they who ascend, oi ava-
Batvovres; 3MA9 blessed, 6 edNoynpévos.
Cellarius has given numerous instances in which he consi-
ders the active participle as having = before the last radical ;
thus, 3x3 he that sheddeth, Gen. ix. 6; 3%2% he that pos-
sesseth, Gen. xiv.19; 2%/'] he that revengeth, Num. xxxv. 21.
I strongly suspect, however, that these instances, and others
which are met with, are nouns substantive, formed by means
of the servile letter ¥. Compare Vx] a judge, 2XVP a
murderer, \ZM'1, and a multitude of others, all of which
are nouns. Cellarius states that Pehil has sometimes an
active signification; and gives, as an instance of this,
amemags, Gen. xxiv. 13, which he renders ‘“ egredientes;”
it is manifest, however, from the passage, that it preserves
its usual passive sense; the action denoted by it being one
which is manifestly more perfect than inchoative.
Pehil is found, in Deut. xxi. 23, with x instead of m;
as, 424m he that ts hanged. There are cases also in which
this participle seems to have the force of the aorist in Greek;
as, for instance, 2MVP 6 KTavev.
Both participles are sometimes found, like nouns adjective,
with ¥ emphatic.
12. Remarks on the second conjugation: — The rules
observed in the Hebrew for transposing the sibilants, on
account of the passive character “4, are also found in the
three passive conjugations of the Samaritan; as, 43a/A“It
shall be shed, Gen. ix.6; 24AA‘ was beheld, Exod. ii. 12.
THE VERB. Al
Moreover, after this transposition, if the first radical be Ay,
the Tau is changed into ¥; if it be sm, into W; as, PVT Agitt
he shall be called, Gen. xvii. 5, for PVANAgMt ; from PVAQ-
Also, azavwiMA ye shall be afflicted, Gen. xlv. 5, for
AzAVAMA, from Av. The prefix ”/% is sometimes
found written AX, though rarely. The first person of this
conjugation sometimes ends in m/v; as, Deut. xxxiv. 4,
MAVIA™ Ss. I sware. The second person plural feminine
sometimes also ends in 3m/ instead of 4/.
13. In the imperative mood, instead of 4 we find x,
though, as far as I have observed, this is not very frequently
the case; as, Gen. xlii. 16, AAA.
14. The usual form of the infinitive of this conjugation
is that first given in the paradigm: the other forms are to
be explained in the same manner asin § 10. The two in-
stances, viz. \¥4A\9X, Gen. v. 2, and SAyTS Gen. xvii. 13,
given by Cellarius, are undoubtedly of the fifth conjugation,
which has sometimes a passive sense, as we have shewn in § 5.
15. Remarks on the third conjugation:—The difference
between this conjugation and the first has been previously
pointed out. It is important to observe that the quadri-
literal verbs, as AM2/ he formed, \A%A he consoled, SAP2,
he poured forth, belong to this conjugation, as they do in
the Syriac.
Castel marks this conjugation by the insertion of mr (to
express the vowel Tsere) between the last two radicals; as,
smrpa. It is found in Deut. ix. 12, under the form 2.49%
have become corrupted, with which mater lectionis the last
syllable of the root may be usually pronounced.
The imperative of this conjugation is formed like the
Syro-Chaldaic. The infinitive, like that of Pehal, is capable
42 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
of receiving the terminations 47, 4%, under the circum-
stances mentioned in § 10.
The participles of this conjugation, as well as the impe-
rative, are formed like the Syro-Chaldaie.
16. Remarks on the fourth conjugation: —What has been
said of the second conjugation will also apply here; the
usual forms of the infinitive are AXSPAN/ and ASPINVK..
17. Itemarks on the fifth conjugation :—It has been pre-
viously stated (§ 5) that Aphel has sometimes a passive
sense. The prefix * is often changed to ¥; as, Gen. xxxv.2,
SIZAAT' THVAX purify yourselves, and be clean; so TIAVX
for ya\~%. The feminine plural imperative of this conju-
gation may end in Sm; as, Gen. iv. 23, Sm/varins hearken;
it is, however, very rarely used.
The usual form of the infinitive is that given in the para-
digm: other forms are met; as, Gen. xxix. 7, “44% to be
collected. Also \Ay TS to be circumcised, Gen. xvii. 18.
The participial forms in use are SPI and SMpays.
18. Remarks on the sixth conjugation :—This conjugation
is thought by Castel to arise from the absorption of the
second /#r of the Syriac Ettaphal; thus, VP*/-/+ is read for
VPY*AAA 5 SPA for the Syriac -o22Z], in the forma-
tion of which one of the Syriac Z2’s is omitted.
These remarks will be sufficient for the perfect verbs. We
now proceed to the consideration of the imperfect verbs.
IMPERFECT VERBS.
19. Those verbs which, on account of certain peculiarities
in their roots, vary in their inflection from the paradigm
previously given of a perfect verb, are called imperfect verbs.
They are divided into three classes; Defective, Quiescent,
THE VERB. 43
and Anomalous verbs; in which order they will be con-
sidered.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
20. Of these verbs there are two classes,—those which lose
their first radical, and those which lose their second.
The verbs of the first class are, as in Hebrew and Chaldee,
such as have Nun for their first radical; those of the second
class, such as have their second and third radicals the same.
DEFECTIVES OF FIRST CLASS.
21. Verbs of this class follow, for the most part, the same
rules as in the Hebrew and Syriac. The future of the indi-
cative, the imperative, and infinitive of Pehal, also the whole
of the conjugation Aphel, omit, generally speaking, the 4.
These verbs are, for the most part, regular in the other con-
jugations, except Ettaphal.
(a) Examples of the future of Pehal are, Am for 4,A3nr;
PA’ for PADS we will go up; AzAxor for Ax Aan, etc.
(8) Examples of the imperative are, PA for pA; AV
for AW; xpd for pas, etc. Sometimes < is inserted in
the future and imperative between the remaining radicals;
as, PxAmt he shall go; P¥3 go out. On this account ¥ may
be made the mater lectionis in every case.
(y). Examples of the infinitive are, 20% for 2W348;
Avy for VWI; PI for PIMS, etc.
(8) Examples of Aphel are, pa% and pax, Gen. xiv. 18 ;
PAYX causing to go up, Lev. xi. 45.
(ce) Examples of Ettaphal are, AV/ArMt Exod. xix. 11,
for AVAAM; AMVAS, Num. x. 17.
Cellarius gives two instances in which 4 is omitted from
the perfect; as, Gen. xiv. 10, ¥23; also, xxiv. 63, P3 he went
44 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
out. This is, however, very rarely the case, and such devi-
ations are remarkable rather as anomalies. Many of these
verbs are regular; as, AM he slew, 234 he fell, etc.
The sense of the different conjugations is, of course, the
same as in the perfect verb.
DEFECTIVES OF SECOND CLASS.
22. Verbs of this class are mostly regular; the chief irre-
gularities are observable in the whole of Pehal (the parti-
ciple excepted), and in the whole of the fifth conjugation,
where the third radical is usually omitted.
(a) Examples of the preterite of Pehal; Gen. xxxviii. 11,
2N he entered, for 22.V, which is found in full, Gen. xiv. 5.
So Gen. xxxviil. 9, with “4 interpolated, 24V. The femi-
nine of the third singular is found in full 422V, but with-
out the last radical, 42V, Gen. xli. 21. Similarly 32V
and %2A-V are read for 722,V, etc.
For the future, 2vmrm Gen. xxxii.1l, pom, PSI,
like pps of Castel.
(@) Examples of the imperative mood are; 2V, Gen.
xxx. 3, also read fully 22V. The feminine singular is
found in full, Num. xxi. 27, m22V. The plural z2v for
$22V is found, Deut. i. 7.
(y) Examples of the infinitive are, 2%2V for 2%V, or in
Pahel for 2xv44, Exod. xvii. 12. So pevars in Pahel, etc.
(6)Examples of the fifth conjugation: perfect, 2V and
2AVAe for 22VA-, etce.; future, 24VN, Gen. xxvii. 10.
Imperative mood, 2VX Exod. vi. 11, or with a mater lectionis,
2AV%. The form 23, found in Exod. x. 1, seems to be
contracted from 2V3. Infinitive mood, N24V%S for 42.2.V%,
Deut. ix. 28.
THE VERB. 45
(e) The instances given in the preceding paragraphs, in
which the forms are uncontracted, seem to belong to the
conjugation Pahel; in fact, the only means of distinguish-
ig the first and third conjugation in form appears to be
by considering the apocopated forms to belong to Pehal,
and the perfect forms to Pahel; as, 22V, Gen. xix. 10;
222, etc.
(€) The passive of Pehal is not apocopated; as, PPS,
etc.; while Ettaphal loses its middle radical; as, PSA‘,
etc.
The observations made in this and the preceding section
will be found sufficient without a paradigm.
QUIESCENT VERBS.
23. Verbs are called guéescent whenever, among the let-
ters constituting the root, any one of the quiescents 3, /,
m, ~, as they are improperly called, is found.
These verbs may be divided into three classes; first, such
as are quiescent in the first radical; second, those which are
quiescent in the second; third, those quiescent in the third
radical.
The Samaritan mode of inflecting these verbs is very
like the Syro-Chaldaic.
QUIESCENTS OF FIRST CLASS.
In Aleph, or Pe-Aleph.
24. The class of verbs, whose first radical is A, is
inflected more like the perfect verb than any other class
of guiescents. The following observations will supply the
place of a paradigm. In the first and fifth conjugations, the
initial 4 is changed into mr whenever it is preceded by a
46 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
servile formative. For example, in Pehal, from 44% comes
asm. I will say; so, for \4A48 we find 49s, etc.
The same law is also observable in the passive forms; as,
Gen. xvii. 1, 2AyMAX walk; 24M, also 244A, etc.
The Aleph is sometimes omitted; as, Deut. vii. 10,
ANANSI to destroy it; in Exod. iii. 2, we find the passive
244.45; but in Gen. vi. 21, the apocopated form 24/rMft is
given, unless it be read 24mm, Aphel used in a passive sense.
Cellarius adduces an instance in which the qutescent is
changed to ¥; as, LAGS , Gen. xi. 31. This is very
rare, and I cannot call to mind another instance of it.
Tn such forms as 24%, 247/48, etc., the / is manifestly
changed to ¥; this sometimes takes place in Aphel, as well
as in the passive forms. There does not seem to me, how-
ever, to be any reason for exclusively confining this metabole
to those conjugations. The example adduced by Cellarius,
viz. 24%, in the conjugation Aphel, may also be referred
to'the first or third conjugation.
In Yod, or Pe-Yod.
25. The quiescents whose first radical is m are formed
much in the same way as Hebrew verbs of the same kind.
The Yod is usually omitted in the future and imperative
of Pehal, but in Aphel is changed to .
(a) Examples of the future: 93’ for 93mth%; SA/ for
9AmA; though it may be written regularly as “~Amm,
Gen. xxi. 10, not A«\mr.
(8) Examples of the imperative mood are, 4% for 4/vit
sit thou; so from S2mt we have $2,, mv2,, etc.
(y) Examples of the fifth conjugation: AAyt Twill add,
Gen. vill. 21; Spxmr for spmrm. The infinitive y4Ae4,
THE VERB. 47
Gen. xlv. 5, etc. There are cases, however, in which the
mf is not changed; as, Gen. iv. 7, AAVMA, instead of
NAVI. Again, 29m” for 2934, Exod. xiv. 21.
(6) The mr sometimes undergoes the same change for the
passive conjugations as in Aphel; thus, AW%/A/e3 MATA
from a radix x°KMT, etc.
(ce) Those cases in which the mt is omitted in the perfect
tense, as in Gen, ix. 23, where ¥42, is found for 7427, are
to be marked as anomalies. The same may be said of the
presence of Yod where it should be absent; as 9%/yMm,
Deut. xxxi. 19.
26. Verbs in Aleph and Yod are usually regular, except
in the cases mentioned in the preceding sections.
QUIESCENTS OF SECOND CLASS.
In Vau, or Ayin-Vau.
27. The only class of verbs worthy of note under this
head are those whose middle radical is Vau. The following
paradigm with »p or *svP will give the student an idea of
the peculiarities of verbs of this class:—
I. PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
3 M. SVP or SP Z3VP
F. AXSVP or ASP mA3vP
9 M. A°SVP AZAYSVP
F. A’SVP AMAYSVP
1 /SVP AUSVP
48 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
{ M. ‘S¥pmr SSzPM
F. STP Mes Pot
a {M. %%4zPAv ATSTPV
BF. SDSzPA VSzPA
1. STP he STP
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. — Singular. Plural.
2 f M. AWxP Ee~ES 4
' (Lp. mpsxy xVSsP
INFINITIVE MOOD.
STP STPS SSVPSS ASVPS
PARTICIPLES.
Present %4/P Past “mp
THE VERB. 49
28. Remarks on the first conjugation:—The preterite of
this conjugation strongly resembles the Syriac. In the
paradigm of Pehal, we have given two forms of the third
person singular, one with and the other without the mater
lectionis. The third person plural may be similarly writ-
ten; as, 4, Gen. xxxvii. 35; in fact, the mater lectionis
is sometimes absent in the other persons.
The future tense is generally read with ¥; it is, however,
found without it; as, Deut. xiii. 8, AMA it shall spare;
<yxm they will go, for x8zxm, Exod. xxxii.1; pym for
pzvim, Deut. xxvii. 52.
The imperative mood is like the Chaldee and Hebrew.
When the ultimate or penultimate is a guttural or Resh, the
Vau is frequently omitted; as, AT inhabit, Gen. xxxv. 1,
for AZ; also, 4X go, ete.
In this case the x, though omitted in the imperative, is
sometimes found in the future; as, Ax, Gen. xxiv. 55;
the rule, however, for omission in the future is, generally
speaking, the same as that for the imperative.
Of the infinitive mood, we have given various forms;
those which are preceded by 4 belong rather to the third
conjugation; thus, xV49%, Gen. xxxi. 7, is ¢ransitive,
whereas the signification of Pehal is intransitive, as will be
seen by consulting Gen. xxxvili. 10, where V4 intransitively
is to be evil. Compare also AVS, Gen. xxiv. 3, and xiii. 6.
The mater lectionis of the participle of the present is
sometimes changed to V; thus, instead of 4/P, we find
»svp, Exod. iii. 5; sometimes * is changed to 3, as in the
anomalous verb A3X%4; sometimes for Aleph, A-3 or Aft is
written; as, AWAXS, Num. xiii. 20; sma, Gen. xv. 14,
etc. Such forms seem to carry considerable emphasis.
5
AD ALM r=,
50
\ a Pe 3s WY AX TRS pase cis
“Ss \ a ; 3 NV ARR re WATE VA ALU “Er aa
ies wn | VM ALR V AUT VAN AU ae e
si a VV ALR MALU VN Ale 1" 2
8 3 VV ASS MAlUS VN ALU =} PM i
S j WV ALAR WAL WV AW “af 8
E n NAW | VV ALRIES, AUTRE, NV AUTRE, |
5}
a |4 NAWRVIUT, | VVALRRVT | ARV IUG | VV dU, a.
a 15 NAVEL | VVALRRVEL | ARES | VvaUmves [wf o |e
_ 4 g
o 4" WAU VV ASL SRR ALU Grd WV AIUSRAU 5 ee
g g NAGS NV ALS AU Fred wvVvaums fw ®
< o oa
ms a NAV | VASA | dV NM AUT T
<3) [S)
5 2 MAW VI | VV ASV ALU FeV LU VV AURA a mH
o . S$
aa NAURV | Va | AU wvawrv | % l&
NAW | WV ALR ARV MM AUR zy eile
alu NV ALR Alun NV AUR ws ®
“IVHAVLLG | “IGHav | “IVHVdHIa | “IdHVd | “ISHSAHLE | wowed son
‘AVA'NIAV NI S€HGA JO WOIGVAVd
51
THE VERB.
‘AVA'NIAV NI SGYHA AO WOICVAVd
| IMPERATIVE. | INFIN. | PARTIC.
ire Tense.
NETHPEHEL.
mde FeV AL See mapa FAV AIR g
Fale Fale
mauve | VVASRLY | alu NV AUREV
VaUmeR | VVaimmTE | ARTE NV AIURTE _f8
Vals | VVALIRIRS AlUs wvaums lw % {3
war | Vain | ar VaR |-a] |e
MALU VV ASR AUS NN ALU wf © [8
wVabinie Cale GV alu aT
3 VV ALY, VU | VVAUR | va Y
Oo r =
a vvasmmss | Vaud, | vvawrss [wf % |§
é &
& WH dS Fat, WALUTRS, WH AUER, zy :
3 WAS | Was | was, [wf ®
aq ae
~~
2 NN ALTER NAIR NN AU ve
wn ass
Nasu
\
AA ALS
52 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
29. Remarks on the second conjugation :—This conjuga-
tion is like the Syriac in its formation; thus, AMAA/+
was pleased, Gen. iv.5; amKAA, Exod. xxxii. 30, ete.
The student who is acquainted with the paradigm of the
Syriac verb in Ayin-Vau will find no difficulty in recog-
nising the tenses, etc., of the conjugation Ethpehel.
30. Remarks on the third conjugation :—This conjugation
may be generally known by the characteristic mt, as in the
Syriac. It is, however, rarely used. Compare the Chaldee
Pahel.
31. Remarks on the fourth conjugation:—This conju-
gation is sometimes read with the characteristic mM; as,
ssmvpAs;. The difficulty of distinguishing between it and
Ethpehel may have led to the adoption of ¥ instead of m,
and the duplication of the last radical; as, JAZ9A4,
Gen. xvi. 2; “OSxPA4S, xxvill. 13.
32. Remarks on the fifth conjugation:—Aphel is gene-
tally accompanied by the mater lectionis mt; as, SM;
though the m may be omitted before the syllabic suffixes; as,
ASP, Gen. xxi. 29; X497, xlv. 4. There are some
few instances in which # is put for Mm; as, PA-VM shall
distress, Deut. xxvii. 53, 55. The characteristic pre-
formant is very frequently changed to ¥, as in the perfect
verbs.
33. The sixth conjugation is scarcely distinguishable from
the second, except as regards the sense.
QUIESCENTS OF THIRD CLASS.
34. The quiescent verbs of this class have 4, 3X, Mm, 7
for their third radical. The two latter terminations are
rarely found; thus, Mya, Num. xxii. 21, which is
usually quoted as Pehal, seems to be Pahel, from the root
Ay - The two other instances given by Cellarius, viz.
mvs, from Gen. xxxvil. 35, and x48, Exod. vil. 20,
may be obsolete forms, at least the latter; for the former
may be considered as Pahel, the first conjugation Pehal
not being in use.
The usual termination of quiescents of this class is %.
The following is a paradigm of verbs of this kind with
349 he wept.
Person.
Person.
THE VERB.
I. PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Singular.
449
NAY
AMAS
© MAMA
AAMAS
Future Tense.
Singular.
mason
msoA
msov
AmMS9/
MASI*-
Plural.
539
m3
AXAMA9
SAMms49
33m349
Plural.
Sz89M
‘amsant
AT4IN
Sm3s94
msds
54 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
{ M. mms 493
F. mq (‘anes )
INFINITIVE MOOD.
msg
PARTICIPLES.
Present. Past.
M. F, M. F.
m3o xm m9 xMts9
35. Remarks on the first conjugation:—The feminine
plural of the third person of the preterite occurs Exod. ii. 16;
as, MA2SX* MAST MAK they came and drew, and filled ;
it will be observed that the qutescent 4 is not omitted
in m/-2¥45 before mr. This is also the case in MAKAGY,
Gen. xxxii. 30. Compare remarks in § 7.
The quiescent letter may remain unchanged.in the future;
as, X49, Gen.xi.4. The Chaldee corresponds exactly with
the Samaritan, if we suppose the terminal & changed to ’.
An instance of the feminine singular imperative is m3,
Gen. xxiv. 60. The form given in the paradigm for the
feminine plural of the imperative is like the Syriac in oa
Castel has 4321, the Syriac aig: The Chaldee ter-
mination } may also be added to the root; thus, Sma.
As far as I am aware, I do not think that any example
exists, at least in the Pentateuch, to settle the matter
definitely.
The infinitive is generally accompanied by the prefix + ;
THE VERB. 55
as, M344 to number, Gen. xv. 5; MAy A to see, Exod.
iii. 4.
The plural feminine of the participle is found in Gen.
xli. 54, SAma. It will be observed that Benoni and
Pehil do not differ in form.
36. Remarks on the second conjugation :—The following
are examples of the preterite: Gen, xvii. 1, MAyX*;
manos, Exod. xiv. 21; Ammar, Gen. xxxii. 30, etc.
An instance of the future will be found in Gen. ix. 14.
37. Remarks on the third conjugation :—This conjugation
is usually terminated in the third preterite by m; as,
MAye Exod. xv. 25; ms”, Gen. xxix. 13.
The other instances given by Cellarius, viz. xVA and
3A-2M, are of the conjugation Pehal.
38. The passive of the third conjugation cannot be distin-
guished from that of the first, except by the sense; they
have the same forms.
39. The fifth conjugation is supported by the follow-
ing examples:—For the preterite—Gen. xix. 24, mv2x;
NEP, Vill. 95 XVAAM, vii. 18; AOKH, xxxi. 20.
For the future—manr. I will increase, Gen. xii. 2; Mids,
xv. 1; though in both cases they may be preterites for the
future. (See the Syntax.) For the imperative mood—
ms44i., Gen. xxiv. 14. For the infinitive mood—X/-P™»8 ,
Gen. xxiv. 19; 3/04, xxxvil. 22. For the participle—
mss44, Gen. vi. 17. In the infinitive and participle, the
examples produced are exceedingly pertinent.
40. Cellarius has given the form m2/1A/*-, from Castel,
as belonging to the sixth conjugation; it occurs but very
seldom. The following paradigm contains the remaining
conjugations.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
56
B | VVVvoRWw a “ VER VVGRW ww)” |&
Pe
A ae VVNVERW oe VER VVGRW 5 ee
g WV VER : WGP WV GRU ‘wf ®
a NVVVCRWSS | VERWTS n GRUWTS NV GRIUTT rT
a NVVCRUVY, | VERS, GRWVYS | WERWVYS for] |
5 NVVGCRIUVESY, | VORWVES, CRUE | vvoRUVES [wf |S
g
- NV VCR VER Gru VV GRU y
3 | VWWVERS NGRS CRs NV ERE, wf ©
qd paeed
SB | vvvoruvu | ver CRU VV GRU IU 1
a
2 NVVCRIUV | ERUvu GrwV VV CRIUY “a| _ le
& | vvverwy | voRWv GRU wvoruVv lw fo |e
NVVGRUY | VER CRW wverwVv |-a) |&
NVV ERI AGH Grw NV GRU wf ®
"IVHAV LLG ‘laHav |‘IvHvaHia| “TaHVa ‘"THHEAHLA | ‘uossag [on
“IVOIGVa GYIHL AHL NI SINWOSHIND AO WOIGVUVd
57
THE VERB.
"IVOIGVY GUIHL AHL NI SLINAOSAIND AO WOIGVUVd
= | wea | VV GR wape wap VER %
@ | rouag TORU PGF é
Ay
z =
és NVVVCRVE | RGRVE ERE VVGCRE
to!
fs VV VERGE (AV EFAUWE,) (GrrwwUy,) NVVERGE ‘a1 [ty
g NV VGRE NORE CRS NVVECRS W :
on]
a NV NVGRE wapr wmapr NNVGRE ‘a|. ea
aI NVVGRW | GR CRW NVGRIU W &
TV VER 3 TGR TV GRU
VVNGRIUS, a Fa VERT, VV GRY, Ho th
NVVVERES, Ki = VERE, VVERES, Ww =
g
WV VERT, 3 Ay WER, WV ERI, a
3g | WVVEREY, 3 om WEES, WVGRES, W
d 3S H eis
a | vvvoRw a fa VOR NV CRW
58 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
ANOMALOUS VERBS.
41. This class of verbs must be distinguished from the
Defectives and Quiescents, inasmuch as the latter are
regular, though varying from the paradigm of a perfect
verb, while the former apparently follow no regular rule,
but, in consequence of peculiar combinations of letters,
undergo certain changes which sometimes cannot be ac-
counted for by referring them to any class of verbs pre-
viously considered. There are ten of these verbs which,
from their frequent occurrence, may be advantageously
explained in this place.
I. THe SuBSTANTIVE VERB 33% he was.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
3 M. AX ECE |
, F. NV (‘3)mx%
F M. AM<% ASAMZ3
EF. mAM<S SAMTST
1. NUTS SAMmzx
Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
3 M. o3MmaMm or = mfxm Azam
F. mxm”A or Mair Amxm
9 ‘M. (xXMA or MAA ALe O47
F. SMxXMA or AMAA aman
. xmaAh or MA mx
THE VERB. 59
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
2 { M. = MM<3% 338
Fo mtx (amtnrs3)
INFINITIVE MOOD.
mxs, or TXxX Gen. xviii. 18.
There are no participles. The third masculine future is
sometimes further apocopated; as, mx, Gen. xxviii. 14.
The first person masculine is also read mx/-, Gen. xvii. 8.
This verb is, for the most part, regular in the perfect tense
of the indicative, and in the imperative mood, both of
which follow quiescents of the third class.
II. Tae Vers Aimy there zs.
This verb is the same as the Syriac dal and Hebrew &%;
it is frequently found in the Syriac New Testament.
Examples of the Samaritan are, Exod. xvil. 7, AM/%°
xzxm ' 33979 Is God among us? The medial letter mr is
sometimes omitted; as, ISX‘ XANAD' ATAM AM’ ABA
truly God is in this place, Gen. xxviii. 16.
The énitial letter is often omitted, especially when suffixes
are used; as, MAM’ 3x if thou art, Gen. xxiv.42; AX4AMx,
whether ye are, Deut. xiii. 3. The negative adverb m2,
is compound of this verb and 42. Compare the Syriac
das which is derived from i and Aa] by crasis and
ecthlipsis. (See Schaaf’s Syriac Lexicon.)
60 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
II. Toe Vers am he lived.
PEHAL.
This conjugation, which has an intransitive sense, is
rarely used; as, M/A she shall live, Gen. xii. 13; xxvii. 40;
mx, Gen. ili, 22, which should be read mrwmt, vide
Deut. v. 26; SxW/ ye shall live, Exod. i. 22.
PAHEL.
This conjugation, which is éransitive, is often found; as,
sora xmAm they will save thee alive, Gen. xi. 12;
xsmaKr I will make alive, Deut. xxxti. 39. It is also
found written ¥/-°K ; as, 34K heep alive, Num. xxxi. 18.
Compare 44X34, Gen. 1. 20, which is rather of the fifth
conjugation.
APHEL.
This conjugation is formed from a root which may be
supposed to arise from the metathesis of the initial radicals,
viz. XM; as, MATA he lived, passim; AZAMAX saved
alive, Num. xxxi. 15; 8V ‘3/382 to save the people alive,
Gen. ]. 20, xlv. 5.
ETTAPHAL.
This conjugation is used ¢ntransitively; as, MATA, he
lived, Gen. xxv. 7; KAA. live, Gen. xlii. 18.
The other conjugations are rarely met with.
IV. THE VERB AV‘3 he descended.
This verb, which is the same as the Syriac duo and
Chaldee nM}, is written for AK, whence it is formed by
changing ‘& into V.
THE VERB. 61
PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
This is, for the most part, regular. Sometimes the pri-
mitive form is read; as, MAX'S she let down, Gen. xxiv.
16, 45.
Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
3 M. ANViTrnt SzAVinem
"LR. oavirr SAVvinit
9 M. AVIA IAVA
F. AMAVIN SAV
is ANVOA- AVIS
N.B. It must not be inferred that all these forms are in
use; some few are given by analogy. S¥VA occurs in
Gen. xlii. 38, xliv. 29, but, from its transitive sense, may
be referred to Pahel or Aphel.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
9 fo AS or NVA AANVS
' LR. mavs XVI
INFINITIVE MOOD.
AVIS
The participles are formed in the usual manner; as, Deut.
ix. 21, Gen. xxvii. 12.
62 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
APHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
The two persons of this tense mostly used are, the third
singular; as, AV‘ Exod. xix. 20; VAX Gen. xxiv. 18;
and third plural, 4V/% Gen. xliv. 11.
Future Tense.
The third plural, sx/4-vat, Num.i. 51. Second plural,
StA4VA, Gen. xliv. 29. The other persons are sometimes
met with.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
2 M. AVA IAVA-
F. MmAVA- TIAVA
INFINITIVE MOOD.
AVIS Gen. xxxvii. 25.
The passive form of this verb also occurs; as, AVIAN,
Gen. xxxix.1; AMmVAs‘, Num. x. 17, etc.
V. Toe VERB OxMt he gave.
PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
This is formed regularly. The instance Smrxm, from
Lev. x. 17, given by Cellarius, must be referred to Pahel.
Compare Lev. xix. 20.
THE VERB. 63
Future Tense.
This is regular, like verbs in Pe-Yod. It is, however,
sometimes formed from 4/1, Hebrew 102.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural.
M. 93M; also, 9/4. Gen. xxx. 26; TIN
2 | 9% Gen. xlii. 37.
F. mxx Gen. xxx. 14. XAIN
INFINITIVE MOOD.
DAYS STAYS
PARTICIPLES.
Present. Past.
qxm; also, axm¥ Gen. xlix. 21. gorxot
The latter participle appears to be used in Gen. xxxviii. 14,
x9mrxm she was given. This is probably the case with the
instances mentioned under the perfect tense. In Lev. xix. 20,
our version has “ liberty given her,” though it should rather
be he has not given her liberty; a change of nominative
which has been adopted in Lev. x. 17, correctly.
The passive forms also occur; as, ¥9xMt//%, Lev. x. 14;
sz9amAAN, Lev. xxvi. 25; 9xm/nm, Lev. xxiv. 20. Also
the participle axmA, Exod. v. 16, 18.
VI. Tue Vers A%% he died.
This is the same as the Syriac Mato, Chaldee min.
64 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
The middle letter of the whole of this tense is Mm; as, |
Amps he died; AAI! she died, Gen. xxiii. 2; T/vMyy
they died, Exod. iv. 19, ete.
Future Tense.
This is exactly like verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, A744,
NVA, etc.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural.
AwS Deut. xxxii. 50. SNS
INFINITIVE MOOD.
NV NBS NTP
PARTICIPLES.
Present. Past.
M. FE. M. F.
NAY x44 Gen. xxx. 1. ATS XA
VII. THe VERB 43x he went.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
This follows the form of verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, 43x he
went, Gen. xxii. 13.
|
(
THE VERB. 65
Future Tense.
In this tense ¥ is omitted, on account of the guttural 4.
(Vide § 28 of this Chapter.)
The INFINITIVE MOOD is 434; as, X4%%2, to go, Deut.
xxix. 18.
VIII. THe VERB 2Ay/ he went:
PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
In this mood the verb is formed regularly.
'
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural.
2.44, or LAy/+ *2Aq or T2Ag/e
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Li-Ag3'S Gen. xi. 31.
The corresponding conjugation Ethpehel is also found;
as, LA\MA% walk, Gen. xvii. 1; 2 Ags walking, Gen.
iii. 8.
IX. THe VERB 3A‘ he came.
Compare the Syriac {2}.
66 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
PEHAL,
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural.
2 { M. X¥4-/ also AAA Gen. xlvi. 1. INK
F. AMAK MAK
M. NTA. AZTAMANA
LF. MAMA’ SAMA
1. = AMAA and Ait’ JIMA
Future Tense.
This is formed regularly according to verbs in Pe-Aleph,
and quiescents of the third class.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
XA-4%. Gen. xxxvii. 13, and mv’ INK
INFINITIVE MOOD.
NNN MAM AKAMA
Gen. xxxvil. 10, Gen. xlii. 15. Num. x. 21.
PARTICIPLES.
Singular. Plural.
M. MA‘ mA‘. also SAI
Present. | Gen. xxx. 38.
F. AMASK aAmrAA Gen. xli. 29.
THE VERB. 67
APHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
The perfect and future tenses are formed as usual; thus,
maAms he brought, Gen. xxxvii. 2; mmm he shall bring,
ete.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural.
MATA. SANTA
PARTICIPLES.
mms Exod. x. 4. mam Deut. viii. 16.
This verb is very frequently used in Pehal.
X. THE VERB 29M he was able.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
The perfect tense of this verb is regularly inflected.
The future follows the law of verbs in Pe-Yod; as, 24%
I shall be able, Deut. xxxi. 2; 244, thou shalt be able,
Exod. xviii. 23, etc. There are cases, however, in which
the Hebrew anomaly is adopted; as, 24% I shall be able,
Num. xxii. 11.
The infinitive, 2.34%, occurs Num. xiii. 31.
68 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
CHAPTER IV.
THE PARTICLES.
1. The Particles, which form the third part of speech,
are generally understood to comprehend the Pronoun,
Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection; or, in
other words, all those parts of speech recognized in Greek
and Latin, and in the modern European languages, with the
exception of the Verb and Noun.
PRONOUN.
2. The Pronoun, as being the most prominent and im-
portant of the grammatical divisions included in the term
Particle, will be considered in the first place. The Sama-
ritan pronouns may be divided into two classes, as in the
other Shemitic languages, viz. Separables and Inseparables ;
the latter (except the relative) are sometimes called Suffizes,
the propriety of which term will appear hereafter.
Under the head of Separables are included, Personal
Pronouns in the nominative and vocative cases, Demon-
stratives, sometimes the Relative (which is, however, gene-
rally expressed by a prefix), and the Interrogative Pronouns.
Under the head of Inseparables are classed, Personal
Pronouns in the oblique cases or preceded by a preposition,
Relative, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns.
SEPARABLE PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL.
3. The personal pronouns are, as in other languages, of
the first, second, and third persons, in both numbers.
THE PRONOUN. 69
There is only one form for both genders of the first per-
son in each number; in the other persons there is a distinct
form for each gender, as the subjoined table will shew :—
TABLE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Pers. Singular. Plural.
1. COM. 344%, MA, mane L. ASKS, VA we.
2. te mn ie tow. sis ue
EF. MANA AMAA
M. ASX, 7% he. | Sxd%
3. they.
F. AMX, mx she. AYA 2
There is another form of the first person singular, viz.
Ava‘, which sometimes occurs; this form and that first
given in the table correspond exactly to the Chaldee 28
and 728; while the second and third forms are the Hebrew
8 and ‘238. The two forms of the second person mascu-
line are the same as TAN and AN.
The second person feminine is found in Gen. xxiv. 23,
without a line over it; it corresponds to the Hebrew ‘AX,
which is usually written AN. |
The first form of the third person masculine is the same
as xin, while the second is the Syriac en
With the first form of the third.feminine, compare the
Chaldee and Hebrew 8").
The second form of the first person plural is manifestly
the Chaldee 128.
With the forms of the second plural, compare the Chal-
dee PAIN, PAIN.
With the two forms of the third plural, compare [13/7 masc.
and }'2 fem.; for, by interchanging the quiescents n and x
70 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
‘of the same organ,’ the Chaldee forms are easily trans-
formed to the Samaritan.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
4. These are included in the following table:—
Singular. Plural.
M. AS, STA y AMV Ay this.
F. Xd, XAG this. c. ‘m2. these, those.
Cc. AY, XT this, that.
Compare the first form of the masculine singular with
the Chaldee }%1, and the second and third with the He-
brew 7.
With the feminine forms, compare the Chaldean 81.
The first forms of the masculine and feminine, as will be
observed, are repeated as of common gender; this arises
from their indiscriminate use, somewhat similar to that of
N11 and 87] among the Hebrews.
With the common form of the plural, compare vow.
It must be observed, that many of the Personal and
Demonstrative Pronouns receive ¥ emphatic as a prefix;
thus, XX Ae 34% that very place. Again, XMI9/-'3M2ZAX
these very stones.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
5. Like the Hebrews, the Samaritans have a separable
relative pronoun, viz. AA; its use, however, is gene-
rally superseded by the prefix ¥, like the Chaldee 4 from
‘3. It is common in number and gender; thus, * 4x1
MMATPIV thy stranger, who is in thy cities, Exod. xx. 10;
SxPAAT' SMA thy gods, which brought thee up, Exod.
XXxil. 4, ;
THE PRONOUN. ; 71
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
6. There are two forms of this pronoun; the first 34,
Chald. 12, which is used of persons, and equivalent to our
who ?—the second 3%, Chald. 82, used of things, and
like our what? Thus, MA/-'3%' AA9 whose daughter
are you? and, x4~° 3x44 what is his name? The neuter
form 3%, as it may be called, sometimes appears to lose its
sense when used with prefixes; thus, x44 like as. There
is also another interrogative form 4%, found in Gen.
Xxxil. 29; as, MY" 2A AD why seek for my name ?
Before proceeding to .the Inseparable Pronouns, it must
be observed that, to express the words ‘self,’ ‘ the same,”
‘the very one,’ the Samaritans follow the Hebrews in
substituting “447 for its equivalent O¥Y, as in Gen. vii. 13,
AVX YIM -4ATA in this very day. Compare the Syriac
[Sao which is used in a similar manner; as, Rom. ix. 3,
— Lj I myself. So 1 Cor. vi. 7, eavsaio you your-
selves.
It is probable that 4z4v, synonymous with 7, as well
as 3) the soul, are used as reciprocals, in the sense of the
Latin ‘seipsum. This inference is justified by the numeroue
examples found in the New Testament, in which it is so
employed by the Syrians.
The Samaritans apparently use Sx the heart, recipro-
cally; as in Gen. xviii. 12, where we find * ¥u* AV'TAVP3
ASZA9 and Sarah laughed within her heart, i. e. herself.
INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS.
7. These Pronouns, which may also be called suffixes,
from the peculiarity of their being joined to the end of
72 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
words with which they coalesce, include the Personal
Pronouns with a preposition, Reflexives, and Possessives.
They are contained in the following table :—
Person. Singular. Plural.
1. com. m, ms 43, 3
9 fe 8 BS S34, MMT, ATH
: F. Sm, M3, 48 Om, S48, 378, ATH
F fe x, %, 3X3 M3, AZ, 353
" LR. 3X, 93 amx, ‘Ant, (35)
These inseparables are not joined to nouns, verbs, and
particles indiscriminately ; it will be proper therefore to
make a few remarks on their use.
With respect to the first person, it must be observed, that
the form m of the singular is joined to nouns of both num-
bers; thus, from 9% comes m9X my lord; from m'34 sons,
we have mm4 my sons, which is contracted into m34, as
in the Hebrew.
There are some instances in which m is joined to verbs;
ds, m'K2™ he sent me, Gen. xlv. 5, Exod. iii. 14. This
is frequently the case when the letter immediately preceding
the suffix is essentially radical.
The second form, however, is that usually found with
verbs; as, MANA thou hast blessed me; ASM Ay KM he
shall see me, etc.
Both forms of the first person plural are used with nouns
and verbs; instances of the first are, SNX2% our God;
SIMAIP our sepulchres; YANIIN our fathers. Again,
Sard he made us go up, Exod. xxxii.1; S3WPA. thou
THE PRONOUN. 73
hast led us out, Num. xxi. 5. Instances of the second form
are, IAYM2A our sister, Gen. xxiv. 60; SAMIxX he deli-
vered us, Exod. ii. 19.
8. Upon the suffix 4 of the second person, the following
remarks may be made.
It is found with nouns of both numbers for the masculine
gender; and, for the feminine gender, with nouns plural;
as, S24 your God; SNAIX* SAA your son and your
daughter; 3NX9% your fathers; SM'smtV your eyes, etc.
In Gen. xix. 12, mr is inserted before the terminal 4; for,
in speaking of Lot’s daughters, we find 4mA'39 your daugh-
ters. This insertion of m must not be confounded with the
feminine form xm, which is used with singular nouns; as,
Gen. ii. 16, ¥MAd'T your husband ; SMVAAy your seed,
Gen. xvi. 10.
The form 4 is also found with verbs; as, s4KA he
loved thee; BAS. have I established thee, Exod. ix. 16;
BAZ. [will send thee, Gen. xxxii. 26. The terminal 44
with the epenthetic '\ is usually found with the future tense;
as, SAV9VA. I will make thee, Gen. xii. 2; S39AqV L will
restore thee, Gen. xxviii. 15, etc.
The mr of the feminine form yr is usually omitted when
joined with a particle; as, 42, to thee, Gen. xx. 16; MO
from thee, Gen. xxx. 2; ximt2, is found in Exod. ii. 7.
The first form 3% of the second person plural masculine
is found with nouns and verbs; but with the latter it is
generally not suffixed immediately, but with the interposi-
tion of the characteristic of the accusative case; as, ST4X2Z/%
your God; SZ8SNXIN your fathers; 334M * NAG VIS
and will lead you, Gen. xlviii. 21. It is also found with
particles; as, 3x42, to you, ZV with you, etc., though
74 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
in this case the second form <4 is usually employed; as,
yz4xa45 from you, Deut. ii. 4, etc.
The latter form is not only found with the particles, but
also with nouns; as, S7NTI3° ZV" ITHF92Z° ZV in your
heart and in your soul, Deut. xi. 18.
The last form in both genders, viz. 3343, is a verbal
suffix, and is formed by means of the epenthetic 3, from
4x3, like 4 from 4.
The first two forms of the feminine plural are joined to
nouns; as, SMI your soul; sometimes by the insertion
of ¥, as in the case of the masculine suffixes; thus, IM79/+
your father, Gen. xxxi. 5. The other forms of the feminine
are found with verbs.
9. The form x of the third person singular is found
with nouns of both numbers, also with verbs; as, 3*MA
his head ; 3% her seed; 3“sMP/ he set him, Gen. xlvii. 7;
xAm4s I drew him forth, Exod. ii. 10. In the masculine
gender, ¥ is sometimes suffized by the interposition of 4;
as, XNTYSRK his father-in-law, Exod. ii. 1; 5AM AG & he
shewed him, Exod. xv. 25. The #& was probably added to
mark distinctly the difference between the word and its
suffix. Compare remarks on verbs, § 7.
The second form ¥ of the masculine gender, is used with
plural nouns, as, <Mm‘amv his eyes; <M his sons, Gen.
ix. 1; Chald. ‘133, Syriac wad, etc.
This terminal is found also with singular nouns and
particles, in which case mf is inserted before the suffix; as,
sma. his father, Gen. xlvi. 1, xlvii. 11; smK his brother,
Exod. xvi. 15; =m2V upon him, etc.
The suffix 33 of common gender, formed by the epen-
thetic Nun from ¥, is used with verbs; as, APRA J will
THE PRONOUN. 75
destroy him, Exod. xxxii. 33; xamradm_ shall hate her.
Deut. xxii. 13. It must be observed that it is mostly em-
ployed with the future tense, and, comparatively speaking,
is very seldom found with the preterite; as, x3mra™ he
placed him, Deut. xxxii. 10.
The first two forms of the plural number masculine are
joined with nouns of the singular number, the second being
that which is usually employed; as, 3xS/% their hand, Gen.
XXXVI. 22;°S52A4A% on their left hand, Exod. xiv. 22.
Also with nouns of the plural number; as, 33A3%9% their
Jfathers, Exod. xii. 40; 3<xmsarar, Gen. xii. 5.
The third form, %‘3, is masculine, and is only employed
with verbs; as, SZ343A9% J will bless them, Num. vi. 27;
ATTA AAT AY they struck them and bruised them,
Num. xiv.45. This suffix is not, however, used exclu-
sively, since the simple form 3% occurs; as, J32,VP he slew
them, Gen. xiv. 16; szpapa, Num. xvi. 39, Vide Deut.
ix. 17.
The feminine forms of this person, viz. Smx and ‘Sm,
are used with nouns of both numbers; as, AMSA their
judgment, Num. xxvii. 5; SmaxxaX% their father, Num.
XXvil. 7, etc.
The last form, 4 of the feminine gender, may be joined
to verbs, but very seldom occurs. The student must be
careful to distinguish it from the same form, which is used
for the first person plural.
These pronouns, it will be observed, serve for the Personal
Pronotins in the oblique cases, for the Possessives, and Reci-
procals.
10. The relative pronoun is usually expressed by the
prefix S, which is employed like the Chaldee ‘J.
76 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
ON THE MODE OF SUFFIXING.
11. In adding the inseparables to nouns of the absolute
state, the x characteristic of the feminine is changed into 4;
as, X2%A% a handmaid, MNIXAs% my handmaid, Gen.
xvi. 2. If the noun be plural, the terminal +4 or 43 of the
plural formative is omitted, and the suffix added to the remain-
ing part; as, from *4Mf\9 sons, comes TMA\4 his sons, etc.
But if the noun be in the emphatic state, the ¥ is wholly
omitted, and the suffix takes its place; as, X33 the soul,
mrys my soul; ANAM the wife, HNN thy wife; ANAV
fathers, SANA our fathers.
12. There are three nouns which deserve especial consi-
deration; these are, 94 a father; KA a brother; 4K a
father-in-law. These nouns are connected with their suffixes
by inserting z, like the Chaldee and Syriac; or nr, like the
Hebrew.
The following are examples of this peculiarity :—
Examples of 9/4; as, 359%, NTA, ATAITIN, etc.,
with %; 7m9%, JIMA, IzxMIA, with m.
Examples of QA; as, STW, ATA, IITA, ete,
with ¥; and sma, MAMKA, etc., with m.
Examples of #4 are rare; as, mv4e, Exod. xvii. 1;
smsvesy , Gen. xxxvill. 13. Also with m in Gen. xxxviil.
25; as, 30PM% her father-in-law.
This is not, however, the case with the suffix of the first
person; for in Gen. xx. 12, we find maA.' 4X9 daughter
of my father ; and in Gen. iv. 9, 334° MRA ATVI am
Imy brother's keeper? In both these instances, however,
the nouns are in ‘ regimen,’ which may probably account for
the deviation from the general rule.
THE PRONOUN. 77
*
13. The suffixes are usually added to verbs without
changing any letter; as, m3a13 he led me, Gen. xxiv. 27;
BxPA/ they made thee go up, Exod. xxxii. 4, etc.
Quiescents of the third radical in 4 or ¥ sometimes vary
from this rule. These letters may be changed into /; as,
SzA'3 he numbered them, Num. i.19; SA-max he delivered
us, Exod. 11. 19; S¥AaV he overlaid them, Exod. xxxvi. 36.
They are also sometimes omitted; as, M'SAq Kt he shall see
me, Exod. xxxiii. 20.
14. The epenthetic ‘3 between the verb and its suffix is
so often used by the Samaritans, that, by coalescing with
the suffixes themselves, an entirely new series would seem
to have arisen. See the table, p. 72.
15. The interposition of A which sometimes occurs may
be accounted for by supposing it to be a contraction of the
case-mark Am; thus, ¥4'32VP, Deut. ili. 3, is the same as
XM '329~P ; similarly, ATA TAG eK for STAM * FAK they
saw them. In fact, the pronominal suffixes, especially 74
and 3%, are frequently found separated from the verb by
AM; as, S¥8AM* svar he will bless you, Deut. i. 11;
zit * 4X9 he blessed them, Exod. xxxix. 43.
16. There are cases in which the methods employed by
the Hebrews in suffixing the particles have also been
adopted by the Samaritans; thus, 3mA%39, Gen. xix.
16, 30; instead of which 34/439, Gen. xxxvi. 6, and
XN339 Num. xxxvi. 2, are more usually employed. Such
instances of Hebrew usage are perhaps due to the careless-
ness of the copyists, who from their acquaintance with that
language, may have foisted in forms which are undoubtedly
opposed to Samaritan usage.
738 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
»
ADVERB.
17. The adverbs, as well as the prepositions and conjunc-
tions, may perhaps be considered as having been originally
substantives in the constructive state. Some of them consist
of radical letters alone; as, JWV suddenly; ZAP against ;
“yp before. Others are formed with serviles; as, AVSIM
little, or too little; 2mS92, in order that, etc. It is scarcely
worth while, in a rudimentary work like the present, to
discuss the senses of the substantives from which these par-
ticles are derived. The syntax of the adverb will be found
in the Chapter on that subject.
A list of adverbs is subjoined, slightly differing from that
given by Cellarius, which will be found exceedingly useful
for reference.
434 where
ose hitherto (a)
ma2X nay
4x behold, lo!
AVF MAZK moreover
AS | XV then; also AVY
so, also :
SABA i 45 when, since
Ax verily 334 already
2 not; prohibitive NWS like as, Lev. xix. 34.
‘A if, since, where; 3425 like as
Heb. {8 33 so, also
3234-9 before that /e2, not
AFT so, Just as
43 why, because
AX for ¥% behold
34x here, hither
m\92x however
%2, oh that, perchance
Sx2,
STA2
Avm2, not, nothing
342, wherefore (@)
only
THE PREPOSITION. 79
ATS in vain, gratis szv_ hitherto, moreover
sy since mAxV hitherto, more
324 how wv suddenly
2V 22 above AVaNtM little, too little
3434 whence (8) 9% much, exceedingly
we }now ma and mx now (7)
ms AMA same as 9%
el far as say where
The adverb marked (a) is generally used of the cont-
nuation of time. The final X is omitted with a suffix; as,
S34, Exod. ix. 17.
Those marked (8) are interrogative adverbs. The former
is from x44 and 2; Greek S47. The latter is a compound of
4% and 34, that is from where; Latin unde; Greek, modev.
The adverb marked (ry) -is the Hebrew §); it is properly
an imperative mood; its plural, x9, is found in Gen.
xlv.4, but the singular form, ma, may be used ina
plural sense; as in Exod. xii. 3.
The student is recommended to get this table of adverbs
by heart; inasmuch as frequent recurrence to the Lexicon,
in the present state of Samaritan lexicography, is not only
tedious, but requires more than ordinary skill and perse-
verance to render it practically useful.
PREPOSITION.
18. The Prepositions may be divided into two classes,
like the Pronouns, viz. Separables and Inseparables or
Prefixes. As regards the former class, it is sufficient to
80 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
observe that they are generally employed as in the other
Shemitic languages.
The following Table of them, formed from that of Cel-
larius, will be read advantageously, inasmuch as it contains
those which are mostly in use:
2A at, to ae
at, to
2is/- at, to, near swm2
22-19 on account of 22.19%5 same as 2.2.19
m4 between VA244 below, beneath
N29 beside, except \92¢44 without, from (¥)
9 after, behind Attims23 within
mss on account of (a) a from, before
maxx behind, after SV-<A as far as
A3mM2% for, in the place of 2V upon (6)
4x44 over against; also “48V with,together with
with prefix 2. . 24P against, afar; with
mA under, below; with prefix 2,, accord-
prefix ing to, nigh to
Ae12, ns »*serp ) before, in the
within
912, also 312, Pa presence of ;
242, beyond, afar (8) also with the prefixes 2, 5
The preposition marked (a) is accompanied by 2V, Gen.
xx. 3; it is like the Hebrew 5y.
That marked (@) is read, in some cases, with 4 prefixed.
The preposition (7) is formed by means of a double prefix.
(8) also is formed in a similar manner to (); thus, 2V224
is a pleonasm, with the same force as 2V.
The pronominal suffixes are added to these prepositions
in the same way they are added to nouns; thus, MV with
me; 48 from thee; 3X\N9 after them, etc.
THE PREPOSITION. 81
19. Some of these prepositions, as in the Hebrew, insert
m between themselves and the suffix; as, xm2V upon him;
SIMLZV upon us; MSP in thy presence ; V<MXTP before
them, etc.
The two prepositions 4mr4 and $m2, which latter is
used for the Hebrew 8, are found with and without the m
inserted; as 4mf9 between thee; wesmama between you;
AzSVMZ, to you; AxzxMM2, to them, etc.
Generally speaking, the others adopt the common rule,
though there are many exceptions.
20. The preposition 2V not only assumes mf, but, in
addition to it, ¥; as, Gen. xxxvili. 13, xlv. 1, zmx2,V; in
the latter place, however, the ¥ is marked by a small hori-
zontal stroke, signifying that the letter was inadvertently
inserted.
For further information respecting the construction of
the Prepositions, see the Syntax.
INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS.
21. These consist of single letters, and are joined to nouns,
to verbs in the infinitive, and to particles, by prefizing them:
from which circumstance the name sometimes given to them
is derived,
These prepositions are 9, 4, 2, %, corresponding ex-
actly to the same prefixes in Hebrew. It will be observed
that the complete forms 4 and AX are generally used
with the suffixes.
The following examples will shew how these prepositions
are connected with the suffices: \X3H%9 in you; 3MAQ m
them; %2, to him; ‘N32, to us, etc.; B34 from thee, Gen.
7
82 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
xxx. 2; 4A%8 like as thee, Deut. xviii. 18. For further
information, see the Syntax.
CONJUNCTIONS.
22. The following list is from that given by Cellarius:
mv. or, either EARN
ese (a)
N21 but x292
<2/- unless 23% sameas 42%
Am2.. if not, unless 2% because, for (8)
ai if “x because, if, that
a. also, moreover 44 because
2ms9 in order that; also | mvs because; also with the
4ag but [with prefix 2, prefix 9
49 but, only; lest 44V same as “4K-
(Gen. iii. 3.)
The conjunction marked (a) is read with SV; as, ‘SV
3X29 so as not. That marked (@) is found with 42 in the
sense of that not; and with 4’. in the sense of but that.
The prefix ¥ and, is also a conjunction; it is not con-
versive, as in Hebrew.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PARTICLES.
23. We must not omit to mention here the prefix 3, which
is rarely used in the Samaritan with the force of the Greek
article, like the corresponding Hebrew prefix J, except in
some nouns purely Hebrew; as, *4ma2A% the God; 4YSAX
the man. It is also employed with the pronouns; as, 4-33%%
he; Amaxx she; ASX and xNx for 3 and 3X9 respect-
ively; AMZAA these, ITIANA they, etc.
The following are instances of its use with the participles;
THE PREPOSITION. 83
MANX 6 épxopevos, Exod. xiv. 19; PAW’YX 6 dvayayon,
Levit. xi. 45; AVX 6 xatorxav, Deut. i. 44.
24. The use of X, as explained in the previous article,
must be carefully distinguished from that in which it is inter-
rogative; as, XV MWA AZW3HX am I my brother's keeper ?
Gen. iv. 9; so in Gen. xlv. 3, SMmVP' Mo ' SVX és my
father yet alive? etc. In Deut. xxxii.6, % is put for ¥;
as, SMA * ATA AMA ts not he thy father ?
25. The Samaritans do not appear to employ % as a suffix
like M of the Hebrews, expressive of motion or rest. For
though ¥V“/* is sometimes found without the preposition 2,,
%x can scarcely be held to supply its place; because instances
occur of VA without ¥, as in Gen. xii. 5, where ellipses
of the preposition 2, are manifest.
ON THE PERMUTATION OF LETTERS.
26. No letters in the Samaritan language undergo such
various permutations as those which are usually, though
improperly, called gutturals; viz. V, W, 3%, *. The
letter V is very frequently written for 4; as, XVA%/* for
BATH; WAAV for 9K; 2AvV for ZAG, etc.
This letter is also found written for 4; as, “SV if, for ‘S/-;
smamaAV for smamds. So x8V for 8% a mother ;
2Vv™ for 2./%, etc. On the other hand, * is found for v;
as, P\ for PAV, etc. The guttural % is found for V; as,
“A for VAX. Also for %; as, TAK for TAK.
The guttural ¥ is found for V; as, 4A for VA. Also
for Ae; as, MARX for MAK.
The above are only a few examples of such permutations;
numerous others could be produced, but may be safely left
"84 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
to the student’s own observations. Such variations are not
easily to be accounted for, except on the principle that
“letters of the same organ may be interchanged promis-
cuously.”
27. Other letters are found interchanged, besides the gut-
turals; as, 4 for ¥ in X9°%, instead of the Hebrew 710 he
shewed; O71 for ZT, etc. Also p for 4; as, myp2x for
m32x, Gen. xxv. 32.
Similarly, hy, is found for 4, and ‘& for p. Various
others are given by Morinus. These are sufficient, however,
for our purpose.
28. Besides interchanging letters, the Samaritan, like
most other languages, is affected by those changes known as
metathesis and apheresis. Thus, mAV for MVA.; “mm
for asymp. So x for AX; APV for PAV, etc. Instances
of apheresis ave 2mv for the complete form 2p%3; mx for
mam; Se for Ta, ete.
29. Before concluding, we shall give a few examples of
crasis; thus, 334° 4% behold I, becomes, Gen. xxii. 11,
XMAWX; similarly, Y7VAX behold ye, Deut. i.10. This
change especially takes place with the particle 4-2, and verbs;
as, WyiNV2, Deut. ili. 26; 378942, Gen. xxxvii. 22,
etc. I confess, however, I have some doubt as to the legi-
timacy of the crasis in the latter case.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER V.
ON THE NOUNS.
1. One substantive depending on another is frequently
used by the Samaritans instead of an adjective; thus,
BST NIN SIZ AIVAIS and his mother took for him
an ark of bulrushes, Exod. ii. 3; xX meprA VPA “AIX
VTP MVPA' AM and the clothes of service and the gar-
ments of holiness, Exod. xxxi. 10; TAAy * MRIS sacrifices
of righteousness, Deut. xxxiii. 19.
2. A substantive is frequently used, as in the first section,
instead of an adjective, to denote the materials of which
anything is composed; as, Exod. xxvili.17, 39/4 W342
rows of stone. In this place we may notice the phrase
STS TM SMS MMANAA, Gen. xli. 1, signifying two
years of days, or two full years, as it is rendered in our
version; it must be observed that the governing noun is in
the absolute state, and not in the constructive, as is gene-
rally the case; the nouns governing and governed must
therefore be considered in apposition, the former expressing
the whole, the latter parts thereof.
3. The cardinal numerals from three to ten inclusive inter-
change their genders, as in the Hebrew, inasmuch as feminine
forms are joined with masculine nouns, and vice versé ; thus,
86 SYNTAX.
MTV SMINAAN two years, Gen. xlv. 6; ANAK AWIM one
day, Gen. i. 5, etc, are concordant; but 3mf'39' 3A
three sons, Gen. vi. 10; XV9AA4-' 332 four kings, Gen.
xiv. 9; Myer -meyy five years, Gen. xlv. 11; *vaw
NATAQ seven kine, Gen. xli. 18; AVA * WMAD nine bul-
lochs, Num. xxix. 26; 33V4%'AAV ten she-asses, Gen.
xlv. 23, are all discordant in gender, and in number also;
the singular numeral being added to a plural noun.
It will appear by the subjoined examples that the cardi-
nals are used in the constructive as well as in the absolute
state; as, XM™' MAAN two of his wives, Gen. xxxii. 22;
AMATA'ANYSA eight of oxen, Num. vii. 8; XMZVY' AVAV
ten of sayings or commandments, Deut. iv. 13, etc.
4, The cardinal numerals usually precede their nouns, as
our examples will shew; this is, however, by no means
always the case, as they sometimes follow; in which situ-
ation SK one is always found.
5. Those numerals which are multiples of ten are joined
to singular and plural nouns; *SMm2s1°°smA2ZA thirty
camels, Gen. xxxil. 15; JAN * SMAYV twenty silver
pieces, Gen. xxxvil. 28; 3A“ YMA2ZA thirty years,
Num. iv. 3.
6. The composite numerals from ten to one hundred are
usually so arranged that the less precedes the greater ; as,
Gen. xxxil. 22, AAV XH eleven; AAV' VOA4 fourteen,
Num. xxix. 20, etc. The composite numerals beyond one
hundred are free from this restriction, and can either follow
or precede; SATS'ALZNT AAV ' XY three hundred and
eighteen, Gen. xiv. 14; “mMaAAdVvx' 3X4 one hundred and
twenty, Deut. xxxiv. 7.
7. The ordinal numerals do not exceed ten in number ;
THE NOUNS. 87
for beyond that number, their place is supplied by the
cardinals; as, SMVANAX' A349 in the fortieth year, Num.
XXXll. 38.
8. The noun substantive is frequently doubled, so as to
convey the idea of a whole, comprehending a series of indi-
viduals of the same kind; thus, in Lev. xxiv. 15, * ™t/
XA2A'° 22PO' SA “AA. whosoever curseth his God; that
is, every man, without exception.
This repetition of the substantive frequently implies mul-
titude; as, in Gen. xiv. 10, SA-VMV' SAMS" SAN many
slime-pits ; or, as it is rendered in our authorised version,
‘ full of slime-pits.”
The repetition in Gen. xxxii. 16, has a distributive sense ;
ATV ATV’ IMSIV' SAA QAM and he delivered them
into the hand of his servants, drove by drove.
This repetition expresses duality and diversity in Deut.
xxv. 13, 394%%° 39% two different stones, or two stones of
different weight.
9. It has been previously said that one noun dependent
on another is frequently used instead of an adjective; there
are cases in which the governing noun has the force of an
adjective; as, ITA SMS’ XIPAV' AAAAMZA ATA IT and
as for the flower of his captains he hath drowned it in the Red
sea, Exod. xv.4, rendered ‘chosen captains” in our version.
The construction just explained is that always followed
by 2, the signification of which, since it is properly a
substantive, is ‘the whole’; as, xm‘ 24% more than all
his children, Gen. xxxvii. 3, properly, the whole of his chil-
dren; 39'°S3245 we all are sons, Gen. xlii. 11; maxv' 28
all of my goodness, Exod. xxxiii. 19; 4ASM9V" 28 all
thy work, Deut. v.13. In the two last examples the con-
88 SYNTAX.
struction may be inferred from the former ones, where a
discrepancy of number exists between 24 and the governed
noun.
10. By joining a noun with itself in the plural number, a
superlative sense is frequently conveyed; as, XM’SP* *SP
holy of holies, Exod. xxvi. 33; Amps © ~~ servant
of servants, Gen. ix. 25; 3mM3%2A°3%24 God of gods, Deut.
x. 17.
11. The governed noun of two nouns in regimen may
have either a subjective or objective sense; thus, * A<IS\
“sy may be either the injury inflicted on Sodom, or, the
injury inflicted by Sodom on others. In Gen. xvii. 20,
waa avvam the ery about Sodom, the relation is objective.
In Gen. i. 26, ¥¢8M' AM'D%'3 the fishes of the sea, the rela-
tion is subjective. M2V'MATISIA my wrong be upon
thee, Gen. xvi. 5; here the suffixed pronoun is objective.
xAMS9* Mesxor the days of his mourning, Gen. 1.4; here it
may be subjective or objective,—in the former case referring
to Joseph, and in the latter to Israel. The reader who has
an acquaintance with Latin and Greek, will immediately see
that the Samaritan usage here precisely accords with that
of the genitive, objective, and subjective in those languages.
12. When one noun depending on another is used for an
adjective, the suffixed pronoun, if there be any, is sometimes
added to the governing, at other times to the governed
noun; thus, in Lev. xx. 3, me¢yp sy the name of my
holiness, instead of “SP My my name of holiness, or,
my holy name, as it is usually rendered; mesPp az the
mountain of my holiness, instead of “SP'MATWY my moun-
tain of holiness, or, my holy mountain, etc.
13. The adjective, when qualifying a substantive, is
THE NOUNS. 89
usually put after it; as, XMSAN9N AMATAMLS MAA AM two
great luminaries, Gen. 1.16. When, however, the adjective
is used predicatively, it precedes the substantive; as, *9%
MAXV great is my punishment, Gen. iv. 13, A224" 9V' AZ,
the thing is not good, Exod. xviii. 17.
14. The Hebrews and Samaritans sometimes use a sub-
stantive accompanied by a preposition with the same force
as an adjective; thus, Exod.i.14, x\99° xXSMaV_ work in
the field, i.e. ‘ field-work.’
15. The subject of a simple proposition in the plural
number is sometimes accompanied by a predicate in the
singular, the effect of which is to add a distributive force;
as, SMAD' SMAI VTVL: MMVVLZ cursed be each one
that curseth thee, and blessed be each one that blesseth thee,
Gen. xxvil. 29; MMVAV' SAV ' MVS a pastor of sheep is
each of thy servants, Gen. xlvii. 3. Similar constructions
are observed in the classic authors; as, Catull. c. 107, ‘inspe-
ranti nobis;’ Tibull. lib. 3, in last elegy, ‘ nobis merenti,’ ete.
With mv, which is supposed to be of the singular
number, compare ‘91, Zech. xi. 17.
16. The peculiar construction of the noun pbs with a
plural verb, among the Hebrews, does not appear to have
been adopted by the Samaritans in the corresponding word
ssmax2%-; for, im Gen. xx. 13, where the Hebrew plural
ayn is used, the corresponding Samaritan is MAM 'AVVX
wmax2/-, God caused me to wander ; *M21ANA' BSAC
“MAZAA ' 3X2, because there God appeared unto him, Gen.
XXxV. 7.
17. Nouns collective, though in the singular number, are
capable of being construed with a plural verb; as, ‘24
SL1AV'3XAVAA« the whole of the earth came, Gen. xli. 57;
90 SYNTAX.
AVA’ AMI TVA" the house of Pharaoh heard, Gen.
xlv. 2; similarly, sgv' 28° 3xowme«y and the whole of
the people shall say, Deut. xxvii. 26.
These nouns may have also a plural pronoun referring to
them; as, SZWO2ZM<' AT2Z°AM2 VASAT MAM IATA
AzAM a stranger shall thy seed be ina land not their own,
and it shall afflict them, Gen. xv.13; * 3¥A°"38° 42H
MMPS? * IZA because the congregation, the whole of
them, are holy, Num. xvi. 3.
18. On the other hand, a plural noun is found with a
singular verb; as, ‘Smeanta's’ mx let there be lights, Gen.
i. 14; 389° S2mAA% daughters were born, Gen. vi. 1;
AMITA* Yom: mA KPA many troubles have befallen
me, Deut. xxxi. 21.
19. An adjective of the masculine is sometimes added to
a substantive of the feminine; as, SMAMIY' AVA beau-
tiful daughters, Gen. vi. 2. So, in Gen. xli. 19, * 44749
MP2A'AMAATV, other kine were ascending, etc.
20. Ina simple proposition, the subject accompanied by
a dependent noun generally agrees in gender with the
predicate; it appears, however, that the predicate may
agree with the governed noun; as, ‘3 ' YVAN BAST
wag ms and the plague of leprosy, if it shall be in a man,
Lev. xiii. 9. This is also the case in the Hebrew, which is,
DIN AYNIN 1D NYW Yaz, where 7M is found instead of AT.
The construction, in cases of this kind, may be termed
zeugmatic.
21. The Samaritan use of 2 with regard to its predicate
may be advantageously mentioned here, as it accords with
that stated in the previous section; thus, 3mS* 235° mpagy
and all the women went out, Exod. xv. 20; msxmr' 2243337
THE NOUNS. 91
and all the days were, Gen. v. 23, 31, Gen. ix. 29. In both
these examples, the agreement of the predicate with the
governed noun must be observed; this does not, however,
appear to be the case in Exod. xii. 16, *42°xNmMaV 28
Az3°s9VAIr all work shall not be done in them.
22. When a predicate is added to subjects of different
gender or number, it generally agrees with the more worthy;
as, X9AQ MAA AMIMLMT ANA the wife and children
shall be her master’s, Exod. xxi. 4; * XQ*3 . 4IASA
sms max Abraham and Sarah were becoming old,
Gen. xviii. 11. The predicate appears to agree with the nearest
subject in Gen. viii. 18, *M3X*XAANAT' XMAIT AI PII
XMA\9 and Noah went out, and his sons, and his wife, and
the wives of his sons. See Num. xii.1. This is generally
the case when the verb precedes; but when the verb follows,
the agreement of the predicate may be inferred from the
following examples: ‘STA ' TMS2ZMZ' TAZ!" AWSSPT
TVIAT' 2ZRAT AAT BI AVAX and Leah approached
also, and her sons, and bowed themselves; and then Joseph
approached, and Rachel, and bowed themselves, Gen. xxxiii. 7;
TAAQVT ss DMT UVP and Abimelech rose up,
and Memar, and returned, Gen. xxi. 32.
23. The Samaritans, like the Hebrews, sometimes use a
nominative case absolute, which may be connected with the
rest of the sentence in English, by supplying such a phrase
as ‘as to,’ or ‘as regards’; 4¥9°24 as to all the gold, Exod.
xxxvill. 24; MX’ Ae’ WSLZM XANAZISE and as to his
concubine, she herself also bare, Gen. xxii. 24.
24. Here also may be noticed the peculiar hypallage, or
inversion of words, which is remarkable in the Shemitic
languages; as, NTT ' BTVAG tin the blood of purification,
92 SYNTAX.
Levit. xii. 4, instead of ‘in the purification of blood;’
Vay 95 the copulation of seed, Levit. xxii. 4, instead
of ‘seed of copulation; 4m2PA%' JAS silver of shekels,
Lev. v. 15, for ‘ shekels of silver.’
25. In all languages more or less pleonasms are found to
abound. This is especially the case with certain nouns in
the Samaritan; as—
(a) With m3 face; 3m8' MtAy* 2V on the face of the
waters, Gen. 1.2; 3A0PS* MIN’ 2V' 348 from before the
face of his dead, Gen. xxiii. 3, instead of ‘ from the dead
body.’
(8) With Sh hand; mK * 28'S 34 from the hand
of every living being, Gen. ix. 5; 3¥"8' T9 by the hand of
Moses, Exod. ix. 35, i.e. ‘ by Moses.’
(y) With aay a word, tenour ; ¥Ay 93 "Qs 2V
according to the purport of the lot, Num. xxvi. 56, i.e.
‘according to the lot; xm2wsaxwmy'2V according to the
tenour of his speech, Gen. xliiil. 7, 1. e. ‘ according to his
speech.’
The student will observe others, too numerous to mention
here.
ON THE VERB.
1. The Samaritan language, like the Hebrew, has only
two absolute tenses, the perfect and future. To supply the
place of the imperfect and pluperfect in other languages, the
Samaritan perfect is sometimes used, so that we can only be
guided by the context as to the force which must be given
to it. Vide the remarks on the moods, § 6, Chap. III.
The usual force of the perfect is that conveyed in the
following example; ‘3AM *' $\9%° GpvM2' PK MMT PV Agt
THE VERB. 93
XZ" ASA XTP~AY and Isaac called Jacob and blessed him,
and charged him, and said to him, Gen. xxviii. 1.
2. The perfect is also found in the imperfect sense of
‘was,’ ‘did;’ as, FAM WAM IE'H2, why did Sarah
laugh? Gen. xviii. 13; in the sense of ‘used to,’ * 2A VMmy
aAzo: Am °K and Israel loved Joseph, Gen. xxxvii. 3;
in the sense also of ‘began to,’ ¥*4848'2V' XV" AAT and the
people began to murmur against Moses, Exod. xv. 24.
3. The perfect is also found in a pluperfect sense in Gen.
i. 5; thus, 324° XTXM° AMV AZ AS for the Lord
God had not caused tt to rain. Another and more usual
method of expressing the pluperfect will be found in the
Syntax of the Infinitive.
4. Some verbs include, under the perfect form, both a
perfect and present sense; such as, VIA he hates and he
hated, conveying both the senses of ‘ odit’ and ‘ odio habuit.’
Also, 44% he knows and he knew. Compare the Greek
oide and the Latin ‘novit,’ perfect forms with present
senses.
5. We sometimes find a future circumstance related in
the perfect tense, as something which has actually taken
place. The design of the writer in this case was to mark
the future occurrence as something already irrevocably
decreed and decided upon, and therefore, as it were, accom-
plished; thus, in Gen. xv. 18, X3VAA. AM’ AOxMt’ 87392,
to thy sons have I given the land.
6. The peculiar use of %, called Vau conversive among
the Hebrews, is unknown to the Samaritans, Chaldees, and
Syrians; so that the numerous rules founded on this idiom
‘in Hebrew are not applicable to those dialects.
7. The future tense, besides the force of our future, has
94 SYNTAX.
various other senses among the Samaritans, examples of
which are appended,
(a) In some cases the future seems to have the force of a
present; as, Gen. xxxvil. 15, “P9/-'3'%8 what seekhest thou 2?
again, Exod. v. 15, S38" VAVA 8442, why do you so?
(8) It is sometimes used to imply possibility, propriety, or
necessity, like the perfect in Lev. iv. 2, MVQVAA-' ALN
which ought not to be done.
(y) In the first sense, denoting possibility, it is found in
Deut. 1. 12, mvz2'29d%' Sit how can I alone bear you?
(6) In the second sense, Gen. xx. 9, * AMZ * SINTAXV
szsavAin deeds which ought not to be done.
(e) In the third sense, Gen. xxiv. 5, “AM SAgV AE ST AGV
4X9 must I needs restore thy son?
8. The future is also used indefinitely to denote that which
takes place frequently; thus, in Num. ix. 16, * mm 4x
HAMM AVIV AMD so it was alway, a cloud covered it ;
again, in Gen. ii. 6, VA MS PAM av and a mist
ascended from the earth.
9. Sometimes it implies permission to do anything; as,
3M ATV Ay * ATI adm let one fetch, I pray you, a little
water, Gen. xviil. 4.
10. It is used, as was before observed, in forbidding, dis-
suading, and deprecating, for the imperative; as, 2VPA'/2.
thou shalt not hill, Exod. xx. 14; it may also be used in
commanding, exhorting, and imploring; thus, * 4x2
VINA PYM AT MUMIA TAM S' LAT thou shalt fear
thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name, Deut.
vi. 13; 2wemr' 20P he shall surely die, Ex. xxi. 15.
11. The future is employed also in a general proposition,
which always holds good; the following examples will
THE VERB. 95
render this clear; 3P3m* Am’ X/A‘Y8MS * 29Amts * HSS
as a foster-mother beareth the suckling, Num. xi. 12;
XA9* AM ANT 294s | 8444 as a man doth bear his son,
Deut. i. 31.
12. The moods known to us as the Indicative and Sub-
junctive do not differ among the Samaritans as regards their
inflection; they can only be distinguished, therefore, by
the context. The two absolute tenses, generally speaking,
answer to our Indicative tenses of the same name in direct
narration; but in indirect narration, and in conditional
clauses, depending upon something previously mentioned,
they answer to the Subjunctive.
13. The Subjunctive is chiefly designated by the use of
certain conditional particles; such as, 4%, 8V, 3% if;
<2, NMA. unless; 328, 3282, lest; 2MS92, that, ete.
Thus, xSmAMs* 42° YA if I should bring him not, Gen.
xii. 9; ADIX’ HZ if thou shouldest lift up, etc., Exod.
xx. 25; KPA ' 3x Uf I should find, Gen. xviii. 26. The
particle is also omitted; as, ANA * VM ATAIAVA-T and
should I overdrive them one day, Gen. xxxiii. 13.
14. The condition also on which the subjunctive clause
depends is sometimes omitted, and must be supplied from
the context; as, SAAWA USV' PSV TRA BE ATVAq4
within a little there had lien one of the people with thy wife,
Gen. xxvi. 10.
15. The copulative particle x joining one verb with
another, is used like the Latin ‘ ut,’ expressing a purpose or
a consequence; thus, TTK9* SMAQ AT 2, AMS LF
and hast not told me, that I might send thee away with mirth,
Gen. xxxi. 27; 90MMT' ALA MIN ' 42 God is not a
man, that he should lie, Num. xxiii. 19.
96 SYNTAX.
16. The Subjunctive mood may also be used when a
relative pronoun is accompanied by a verb expressing some-
thing indefinite, or depending on a condition not expressed ;
thus, 42° samy °A49° 24Mtv%, and thou shalt eat of the
flesh which he may give thee, Deut. xii. 15.
17. To express the Optative mood, the Samaritans adopt
the following methods:—They make use of the particle 32,
the Hebrew 15 would that, joined to either the perfect or
future tense; “Mays * VAI * BAM * X2, would that
we had died in the land of Egypt! Num. xiv. 2; * mx‘ 32,
SMW would it may be according to thy words! Gen. xxx. 34.
18. The Optative mood is also expressed by the formula
asmAm: my, the Hebrew |f'""); as, \AAS4S° GAM AMt’ 1s
would God we had died, Exod. xvi. 3, Hebrew 33919 jm".
It will be observed that 9%m/vnt is passive in form, but
active in signification.
19. The Imperative mood is sometimes used in an Opta-
tive sense; thus, XVTIA * MIZA2° MX mayest thou be a
mother to thousands of millions, Gen. xxiv. 60.
20. The Imperative mood, when enjoining the perform-
ance of something, is often joined with another imperative
expressive of the result or consequence of the action en-
joined; as, TIZAKAT ' TNVX purify yourselves, and be clean,
Gen. xxxv. 2.
21. The Infinitive mood, though usually restricted to no
time, is, however, capable of being referred to some definite
time on combination with particles; as, * AQ * MAPA
Mays on my going out, I will spread forth my hands, Ex.
1x. 29; STAI FIA * LMTI2 for the purpose of deli-
vering him into thy hand, Deut. ii. 30. .
22. The Infinitive mood is placed absolutely without the
THE VERB. 97
intervention of particles; as, in Gen. v. 2, S¥4A9% ° 43M
in the day they were created. This instance and that given
by Cellarius, from the first verse of the same chapter, scarcely
belong to the rule; for 444 in both cases may be the pre-
terite third person singular, accompanied by the suffix 4%.
23. The Infinitive mood is, perhaps, used for the Impe-
rative in some cases. The identity of form, however, which
exists between the infinitive and the second person masculine
singular of the imperative, in consequence of the absence of
vowel points in the Samaritan, exceedingly diminishes the
number of such irregularities.
24. The participles being verbal adjectives, and having
no means of distinguishing by inflexion between any of the
tenses except the present and past, may also refer to future
time, and serve as gerundives, etc.
(a) They frequently have a present sense, like those in
ens in Latin, and in fact are generally used to express the
present definite as well as the imperfect, with or without the
substantive verb 4xX; thus, S4V doing; and also, 'MmA%
qv Iam doing; SAV ATX he was doing, etc. Vide next
section.
(8) The participle seems to have a future sense in Gen.
xix, 14; 3MA%39' MITA’ TIMOR 2X and he spake
to his sons-in-law who were about to marry his daughters,
i.e. his future sons-in-law.
(y) The participle is used as a gerundive in Lev. xi. 47;
ZEBNN ALS SNMEMAMNIZALSAN SS ANIMA MIT
and between the animal that ought to be eaten, and between
the animal that shall not be eaten.
25. The periphrastic use of the participles and verb sub-
stantive for the finite verb is very frequent; thus, for the
8
98 SYNTAX.
imperfect, 37XM2Z* ITAMTX* IMtAMV ye were rebelling
against the Lord, Deut. xxxi. 27; * ANI ' AAS * TRF
X44 and he was sitting in the door of his tent, Gen. xviii. 1;
FATI" ZV BVP! AAT and, behold, he was standing on the
river, Gen. xli.1. In Gen. i. 6, it is found for the third
person singular imperative; “Q\34°3xA% and let it divide.
26. The participles have also frequently a future sense,
like those in rus in Latin; thus, XVAACP DY" 3T 29 RY ASAT
and, behold, IT am about to destroy them from the earth, Gen.
vi. 13; ASTSAM SATAY ASA ATAMS which the Lord
your God giveth, or, is about to give, you.
27. We have previously observed, that the participles
have sometimes the force of the Latin gerundive or verbal
in bilis; to the instance given above may be added, * 344
STANK MAATS what a dreadful (horribilis) place is
this, Gen. xxviii. 17; the instance from Gen. 11.9, * 24'Amt
HAGA PLIV' IZMV every tree pleasant to the sight, is
an infinitive, and FA AS2 has the force of a supine in u,
which is commonly used after adjectives; as, ‘ arbor delec-
tabilis visu.’
28. Though generally the nominative case agrees with
the verb in gender and number, there are instances in which
this concord is neglected in both cases. We proceed to give
examples of such irregularities.
(a) A masculine verb is found with a feminine noun; as,
VAs AMV sin lieth, Gen. iv. 7; ATX AXWVSVT and there
was darkness, Gen. xv.17. Other instances may be easily
found, as in Deut. xxii. 23. xsmav'Sav/Mr work shall
be done, Exod. xxxi. 15, Lev. xi. 32; =2.K ° mx * 34
what will become of his dreams, Gen. xxxvii. 20.
(8) The following are instances of discord in number:—
THE VERB. 99
MMAATV * WMAZA 42° xMXM * 2 thou shalt not have
other gods, Exod. xx. 3; ‘\meam3's* mx let there be lights,
Gen. 1.14; 4mrag’ SMYAdST* WMV BMVV2, cursed be
each one that curseth thee, and blessed be each one that
blesseth thee, Gen. xxvii. 29. The use of the singular par-
ticiple gives a distributive sense, as in the Hebrew.
(y) Nouns used only in the plural may have a singular
verb agreeing with them; as, XMS’ MAV’ MxM’ AZ, there
shall be no more water, Gen. ix. 15; 42° X33 * 1S * W2H
3M2V * PMAAy because the water of separation was not
sprinkled on him, Num. xix. 13, 20.
(6) In the following instance, gender and number are
both neglected; as, 4SmwemasPp’ 3X24 ° XA’ the congre-
gation, the whole of them, are sanctified, Num. xvi. 3.
29. The nominative of a verb is frequently omitted when it
can easily be supplied from the context. There is also a fre-
quent ellipsis of the words 22% a thing, and “\’. a man.
30. Verbs in the third person singular, both intransitives
and passives, are susceptible of a neuter use; especially such
as contain implicitly in their signification the nominative to
which they refer; as, M9\‘ m'smVS* IPAM’ 2M let not there
be anger in the eyes of my lord, Gen. xxxi. 35; * “A-9It' A-2,
MNTAVAS let it not be grievous in thy sight, Gen. xxi. 12.
So for the passive; as, PUTAq'S2, "FV AWW then it was
began to be called on, Gen. iv. 26. Ihave altered the text
given by Walton in the first and last of these examples; in
the latter, I have read Aphel in a passive sense, instead of
AA; or we may render with Walton’s text, then one began
to invoke, etc.; to this, however, the passive infinitive is an
objection, unless it be employed in an active sense; Chap. III.
§ 5. Compare the Latin idiom so often used by Tacitus.
100 SYNTAX.
31. When a circumstance is related without reference to
the agent, the third person singular is employed in an inde-
Jinite sense; as, S¥VA*' VPA ' 42, one hath not found a
help, Gen. ii. 20; AMPS * ATM ' WX and if one in dying
should die, Num. vi. 7; 32,93 ° 23m’ 423% when one in falling
shall fall, Deut. xxii. 8. Compare the English ‘ one’ and
French ‘on’. A similar construction is adopted in the
Coptic to express the passive voice.
32. There are numerous cases in which the second person
is used instead of the third; as, Lev.ii.4, SOAP *° SAPA YAS
and when you shall offer an offering, i.e. when any one shall
offer; AVIN2," S2VIMSS as you go to Zoar, Gen. xiii. 10,
i.e. as one goes to Zoar; see Exod. xx. passim. Compare
Horace, Carm. 11. 3, ‘‘ Nil interest, an pauper et infima de
gente sub divo moreris.” Also, ii. 18, ‘“‘ Tu secanda mar-
mora locas, etc.” Such instances are profusely found in all
languages.
33. The idiomatic usage of the verbs 5'Di7 and 21% among
the Hebrews is also followed by the Samaritans in the verbs
Dy 7 and NAgV 5 a8, AAA SAT TAD Ag i% and
Abraham added and took a wife, i.e. again took a wife, Gen.
xxv. 1; 398° AFAAND' AM AKT PAINT’ AAqV Isaac
went and digged the wells of water, i.e. digged again, Gen.
xxvi. 18. Numerous other instances may be easily found.
34. There is another peculiar use of the finite verb with an
infinitive, in which the former may be rendered adverbially ;
as, AQVS * ATAM SL * Ag t/X and the angel of the Lord
went further, Num. xxii. 26; ¥4VPY42, ° Why \ta * ASME OI
what is this thou hast quickly found? Gen. xxvii. 20.
35. The substantive verb, being the copula of a proposi-
tion, generally agrees with the subject of that proposition,
THE VERB. 101
though it is found agreeing also with the predicate; as, in
Gen. xxxi. 8, SVT. * MX MMA the speckled shall be thy
wages.
36. The substantive verb used as a copula is usually
expressed in the perfect and future, but omitted in the
present and imperfect; as we have previously observed.
See § 24.
37. The accusative case, expressing an object, is used
with verbs passive and intransitive, with the omission of a
preposition signifying as to, in which case it resembles the
Greek construction with the ellipsis of xara, and the Latin
with the ellipsis of secundum ; thus, * Ait' SmA20t* AM25
XANI2ZP' AAS he who shall not be circumcised as to the flesh
of his foreskin, Gen. xvil. 14. Perhaps we ought to con-
sider ‘\mrA2r as Pahel, and render, he who shall not circum:
cise the flesh, ete. 3%2.° MESKAK' 2" STAM MS but
as to my name Jehovah, was I not known to them, Exod.vi.3;
“YAS LST Mt Ay V'SITV LAT As MAB 2ST T92 29F
STR2ZANAA' sMP and be purified as to all the raiment,
and as to every instrument of skin, ete., Num. xxxi. 20.
38. Sometimes a transitive verb has two accusatives, one
of which may be preceded in English by the phrase ‘as to’;
thus, in Deut. xxii. 26, “33 ' 32V"% and hath slain him
as to his life. There are various other forms of accusatives,
easily explicable by supposing an ellipsis of a preposition;
thus, X38" KAA WVPT and stood at the door of the
tabernacle, Exod. xxxiii. 9, where there is an ellipsis of the
preposition $12, before KA.
39. It must be observed, that verbs of naming take an
accusative case of the name, and a dative formed by the
preposition 2, of the thing to which the name is given;
102 SYNTAX.
thus, xm2072," PV Ay SAY AL5 SST FAA" ALA PV Ay
God called(to) the light day, and(to) the darkness, etc. Gen.i.5.
40. The cause or agent is sometimes expressed, after a
passive verb, by the sign of the dative case; thus, * 8maA9Q
A2ZMR' AZM RZ" Bra blessed be Abram by reason of his
mighty power, Gen. xiv. 19; AT4BX2'S9VAIT shall be done
by you, Ex. xi. 16.
41. To express the verb ‘habere’ the Samaritans and
Hebrews adopt the circumlocution known in Latin as ‘ est
pro habeo’; thus, MSA-9° 9350t' 32° AMAT 28% and all that
he hath he has given into my hand, Gen. xxxix.8; ‘‘\mfxXMm' 3A
BMY MAAN ADIL, tifa man have two wives, Deut. xxi.15.
42. The substantive verb has sometimes the sense of ‘ to
become’, followed by the preposition 2,; as, in Exod. iv. 9,
BUA FVD SAAT AIS ALAM and the water which
thou takest out of the river shall become blood. Other verbs
with a similar notion may follow the same construction.
43. The Samaritans, like’ the Hebrews, studious of bre-
vity, sometimes express, by a single verb, an idea usually
conveyed with us by two; as, in Exod. xxxiv. 15 ' 373AyM
AMAL AND they go to fornicate after their gods ;
ATAM' AN’ A228 AH because he hath completed to follow
after the Lord, i. e. hath wholly followed, Deut. i. 36.
44. An infinitive clause may stand either as a nominative
or accusative to a verb; as, ANTVI A Os av’ Am,
it ts not good, the man. to be alone, Gen. ii. 18, ete.
45. The noun denoting the agent or sufferer, which in
finite verbs is put in the nominative, with infinitives is in
regimen, or in the accusative; as, YAW" AXPLN AK SV
until the coming of the morning, Gen. xxxii. 24; '32,° 525249
XAQ' PAMM' AM on bearing to him Isaac his son, Gen.
THE VERB. 103
xxl. 5; SMIMVT' TMTTPI' AW in not keeping his com-
mandments, and his judgments; like the Greek ev 76 pt)
TNpew.
46. When the inseparable particles 4, 2, 4, 9, are
prefixed to the infinitive, the resulting combination answers
to the Latin gerund, or the Greek construction of the arti-
cle with the infinitive. Instances are subjoined of these
prepositions with this force.
(a) With 9; as, m2.vP39 when I killed, Exod. xii. 13;
MAL" when I sent ; SISMAIMIV AM AV42849 because
he heareth your murmurings, Exod. xvi. 7.
(8) With 4; as, xy 2zv444 at the going down of
_ the sun, Deut. xvi. 6; P*V' V8" on the hearing of Esau,
Gen. xxvii. 34.
(y) With 2; as, BAM IS PV AG 2° 42° VTAMTS and they
shall be to thee for calling the assembly, Num. x. 2; ' SP
“5A 4482, they rose to console, Gen. xxxvil. 35; "AIVAVYAT
372° 342, which I sware to give them, Deut. x. 11;
ATMPTIY2, after they were come out, Num. i. 1; soyin the
same place, \WSIMs2, by saying ; SEN KLYMS2 MRNA AL
and he would not let them go, Exod. x. 27. In the last sense,
the 2 is frequently omitted; as, in Exod. x. 28, "Agi Li
MIN NTA uo more go to see my face ; while, in Deut.
xxvill. 68, we find AMM Ag WS2 STATA AL with 2.
(8) The periphrastic use of the substantive verb, with the
infinitive accompanied by 2, for the future, is worthy of
notice; as, X~y~uy2 SzxMx that they may be about to
execute, Num. vill.11. Also, in Gen. xv. 12, * X24" AZAF
22,V2, and the sun was about to set.
(e) With 4%; as, XA32ZVPS from slaughtering, Gen.
xiv.17; AVIS ZATA' 2, fear not to go, Gen. xlvi. 3,
104 SYNTAX.
Syr. Awa. Gand !, whence I have corrected it; *mV437
TAA 3S" <msmv. and his eyes were so dim as not to see,
Gen. xxvii. 1. In this case, the whole preposition 414 is
read, although the Hebrew is mint). ‘sav m2°2A%
x3 far be it from me to do this, Gen. xliv. 17, ete.
(¢) This preposition is used to express a cause or the
ground upon which an action is performed; as, ° 42
SEMAN ATAM ATES RS A238 ATTY SV' 28S VISTAS
ANVIIM AM ANVAWY not because ye were more in num-
ber than all people, but because the Lord loved you, and
because he kept the oath, Deut. vii. 7, 8.
47. The construction of the finite verb with its infinitive
has been frequently alluded to in the previous part of the
Grammar, and examples have been given of it; so that it
will suffice to say, that in those cases in which this con-
struction obtains, the student must bear in mind that the
infinitive is not redundant, but, with the finite verb, forms
a strong asseveration, and increases the force of the latter
intensely ; as, 2vvarZvP he shall most certainly be put to
death, Gen. xxvi. 11; 32'28'234% we shall certainly pre-
vail against him.
48. In the construction mentioned in § 47, the species of
the infinitive is generally the same as that of the finite verb
with which it is connected, as in the first example given in
the preceding section; and, even in the second example, a
transitive notion 1s conveyed in the finite verb, for the action
implied in prevailing passes on, which, perhaps, may account
for the use of 234% in Pahel. There are cases, however,
in which a difference of species seems evident; as, *XA-XMV“
A3AVA we certainly have gone down, Gen. xliv. 26; but
here we may suppose the finite verb to have an intensitive
a
THE VERB. 105
force, which is still further increased by the infinite. Vide
§ 5, Chap. TIT.
49. Participles may follow the construction of the finite
verb, so as to govern the following’ noun immediately, or by
the interposition of a preposition; as, ‘AM ' VAX * ATA
VA" 23 and it was encompassing the whole land, Gen.
ii. 11; 3¥232,° 323204 bearing seed, Gen. i. 29; * A344
XBR BMIZ' AARI* AMG dividing light and darkness.
50. They may have the construction of nouns zn regimine ;
as, MAT AV’ MSYK knowing good and evil, Gen. iii. 5,
WV 'MVA keeping sheep; though, in both cases, it seems
preferable to consider mssK and mv as nouns, which
have much the same force as the Greek construction of the
article with the participle; thus, in the above cases, the
former is the same as of ywvdoxovtes, and the latter as of
gvracoovres. The latter example may also be explained as
in § 15 of the Noun.
51. Many participles of intransitive verbs, as well as
passive ones, turn the noun, with which they ought to be
connected by a preposition, into the genitive case; as,
AATIMA | MPSI having gone out of the ark, Gen. ix. 10;
qnKq Amos as captives of the sword, Gen. xxxi. 26;
ANAP' AAA MZX2V' 252, to all entering the gate of his
city, Gen. xxiii. 10; though, in all these cases, and nume-
rous others, the governing participles may be considered as
nouns substantive, an assumption which is supported by
their peculiar forms. Compare the forms py33 and 2%2V
with the substantives AX} a judge, 2XVP a homicide, etc.
4
106 SYNTAX.
THE PARTICLES.
PRONOUN.
1, The personal pronouns of the second and third persons,
especially the suffixes, are found in the plural masculine
referring to nouns in the feminine gender; as, 3x3/-V their
flocks; YF3TSAV drove them away, Exod. ii. 17; 3%2, to
them, Exod. i. 21, referring to the midwives.
2. A pronominal suffic singular is sometimes referred, in
a collective sense, to a plural noun, comprehending a body
of individuals; as, ¥¥3¥mP' ADAM" YMA9d' ZV against
thy enemies, and the Lord has delivered him, ete.
3. A personal pronoun, when added to the noun to which
it refers, is not redundant, but emphatic; as, Amx, Gen.
i. 12; yas: 24M AZ OV SS RUSS AZMV Bex and
of the tree of the knowledge of good, etc., thou shalt not eat of
it, Gen. ii. 17.
4, An inseparable pronoun is sometimes added to a
separable one of the same person, to mark with force and
emphasis the person to whom it refers; as, Num. xiv. 32,
ANA STAMATIX and your dead bodies, you, I say, ete.
5. The personal pronoun is used to denote an ellipsis of
the verb substantive, especially in the present and imperfect
tenses; as, IMAI AVR AMT 1139" 93248 all of us, the
sons of one man are we, Gen. xii. 11; <x‘ ma Lam he,
Deut. xxxii. 39. See Castel’s Gram. Harmon.
6. The demonstrative pronoun, when repeated, has a
distributive sense; as, IT2° 39° T9AP ‘42x and they came
not near one to the other, Exod. xiv. 20; 392,° 39 '* QAR
and they said one to the other.
THE PRONOUN. 107
7. The demonstrative 44 is sometimes coupled with the
interrogative 32, in which case the former is apparently
redundant; as, YY" ARMA * ST * ¥442, wherefore hath
Sarah laughed? Gen. xviii. 13; MSA'K2%* 3S 32, why
hast thou sent me? Exod. v. 22.
8. The relative pronoun very frequently includes the noun
or antecedent pronoun to which it refers; as, 22°43 that
which thou shalt say, Exod. iv. 12; S9V that which he
did, etc.
9. The relative pronoun is not put in the genitive case;
but if this case be required by the construction, it is expressed
by a subsequent pronominal suffix; as, ‘Vue 2S MFT
x2, the nation which thou shalt not understand as to the
language thereof, Deut. xxviii. 49. It can, of course, stand
in the accusative; as, M2," WAIANAS XNA the woman
which thou hast brought me, Gen. iii. 12; * a3Amt* SAV
XA which the man shall do (them), Lev. xviii. 5, where
AzAM is redundant.
10. The relative, when it includes the antecedent noun or
pronoun, may take a preposition; as, *2V' 348V"' AM’ ST
42° A228 lead the people to the place which I spake to thee
of, Exod. xxxii. 34; AXVPYAX' SSDI F4A get straw
from the place which ye can find, Exod. v.11; 237942°3S
of that which was our father’s, Gen. xxxi. 1; SAXX42° 3S
of that which is Aaron’s, etc.
11. When the relative pronoun is preceded by the noun
with a preposition to which it refers, this preposition is
omitted before the relative; as, SAV W223 AVA, * BS2V
we came to the land to which thou sentest us, Num. xiii. 27;
ATAM SATIN MAMYSV' 248 from all the nations whence
the Lord has scattered thee, Deut. xxx. 3.
108 SYNTAX.
12. The adverb 344% there, with the relative preceding
it, has the force of a relative adverb; as, X9XV* V4AN
where there is gold, Gen. ii. 11; »MxXZAX' VAAN where
God was; 4A ' SAAS where ye are, Exod. xi. 13;
WBA ATX where he is, Gen. xxi. 17; YHA IABAAD
whence he was taken, Gen. ili. 23. Vide also, Gen. x. 14, etc.
13. The relative pronoun is frequently omitted; as,
XTAM' VAP * wry like as the tents which the Lord
hath fixed, Num. xxiv. 6; 373xM° 22% ° “xm on the day
in which the Lord spake, Deut. iv. 15; * 42° ISA ° 38%
XTAM' XASAA and how shall I afflict whom the Lord hath
not afflicted (him), Num. xxiii. 8.
14. The relative 444 usually refers to persons ; it is, how-
ever, sometimes used of things which involve the idea of a
person; as, AVX HAMA 245° 42°44 what to thee is
all this drove? Gen. xxxiii. 8. This interrogative is some-
times found in oblique, as well as in direct narration; as,
XZVP ‘V8 who slew him, Deut. xxi. 1.
15. It is also used in an indefinite sense, and answers to
our whoever, whatever; as, 4M28' JRA" VS whoever
is having business, Exod. xxiv. 14. Similarly with the
Hebrew ‘) in 20 TN) NM, Judg. vii. 3.
Also with the addition of the prefix ¥; as, *H¥WAXT' D8
m2, whoever hath sinned against me, Exod. xxxii. 33. Com-
pare also the corresponding Hebrew b-won WN 1D, and
Syriac SX Lis —:
ADVERBS.
1, Adverbs are, for the most part, construed with verbs.
They are sometimes placed absolutely, at other times governed
by a preposition; as, m2, myself alone, Num. xi. 14;
THE ADVERB. 109
but, XV%2% besedes himself alone, Deut. iv. 35; ama
very, Gen. iv. 5; amas mag exceedingly, Gen. xvii. 2;
y4v there, Gen. il. 12; 34 A4 thence, Gen. xi. 8.
2. Nouns are also used adverbially, either absolutely or
when governed by a preposition; as, x“ to-day, Gen.
iv. 14; ssxms this day, Gen. xxv. 31; m2m2%° 4usint~
day and night, Lev. viii. 35; XA4S~ first, Gen. xxxviii. 28;
xXA4TP9, Num. x. 13.
3. Certain adverbs are also joined to nouns, or separable
pronouns, in the same way as to verbs; as, AMA’ 9W very
good, Gen. 1. 31; SSX * SAAN MAND 3X4 how dreadful
is this place! Gen. xxviii. 17; *maV' 3% how good!
Num. xxiv. 5; in the two latter cases 344 is properly the
relative. See Syntax of the Verb, § 27.
4, The particle 42, is sometimes joined to nouns sub-
stantive and adjective, as will appear from the following
examples: 44% 'A2% and not wise, Deut. xxxii. 6; * 429
AASV" 39Ay at no period of her separation, Lev. xv. 25,
Hebrew AnI-ny N23; LALA, by no God, Deut. xxxii. 21.
Similarly “4v'‘-29. Compare the Greek construction, 4 od
mepitelyious, 4 ov« arrddocts, in Thucydides and Lucian.
5. The particle Am2, is similarly used to the Latin
‘nihil’, ‘ parum’, ete.; thus, mAm3* AMm2, nihil ad servan-
dum, Deut. xxii. 27; mms' AM2%° SR2° AMZ, parum
panis et parum aque, Num. xxi. 5; Gen. xlvii. 13, ete.
(a) It is also found like ne in ‘nemo’, and ‘nie’ in the
German ‘ nie-mand’; as, “3A%-' AM2, no man; 22°44" Ant,
nothing, or it might be rendered, in conformity with the
preceding, nihil ret, Gen. xxxi. 50, Exod. v. 11.
(8) It is used to deny a quality predicated by an adjec-
tive, and has a suffix referring to the subject of the predicate:
110 SYNTAX.
as, XAMYS'AXAMLZY which (it) is not clean, Gen. vil. 8;
3208 TAM2° XIZVX but the hoof (it) is not dividing, Lev.
x14; M9’ 2P9' V8’ ZAM, he that hearkeneth not unto
the voice of his father, Deut.xxi.18; 244A ' FAM2" XMIA
the bush (it) was not burning, Exod. iii. 2.
6. The particle 29 or 429 is used, like 42, with a
substantive; as, Deut. iv.42, 44K '°3X299 with no knowledge;
but in Deut. xix. 4, without a mark, i.e. not knowingly.
7. Some adverbs, besides a preposition, take also a prono-
minal suffix; as, mMS%2° 334% I myself alone; where S%2, is
for S¥{2, Syriac ae from 2, and NK one, alone; 3372,
it alone, Num. xxin. 9; M3%Z° 28%" 42 I myself am not
able alone, Deut. i. 9. Also without prepositions, * 8/+
K24y MAINZ if thou thyself art not sending, Exod.viii. 21.
8. Two particles of negation are sometimes joined, as in
Greek, to strengthen the negation; thus, * Am2 ° 729%%
wmagp truly were there no, no sepulchres? Exod. xiv. 11;
Hebrew [8 ann,
9. A negative particle is also construed with the word
2 all, so that the negation is not merely confined to this
word, but extends also to the verb; as, ‘2¥Pp4s* 3292,
APs 24 ax lest finding him every one might be
killing him, Gen. iv. 15. The negation is, however, some-
times special; as, Num. xxii. 13, MAK * Ae 328% but
all of it thou shalt not see, i.e. you shall see a part.
10. The repetition of the adverb, besides giving the usual
intensive force, sometimes denotes a progressive action; as,
AATAVA AVM AVAMN LT will expel him little by
little, Exod. xxii. 30; 2V2°2V2° sm2V° pAnt he shall
mount above thee higher and higher, Deut. xxviii. 43.
11. Comparative particles are sometimes redundant; as,
THE PREPOSITION. 111
MYTMS' M2 VIAN sware to me to-day, Gen. xxv. 33,
where 4 is redundant; “4msiasy ' 4V XXX and the
people were complaining, Num. xi. 1, which is rendered by
the LXX., Kal fw 6 rads yoyybfwv. Compare Exod. i. 12.
12. The particle 342, is principally used to point out an
event as the consequence of one previously stated; thus,
MSZANV A222, therefore ye shall not lead, Num. xx.12;
ZAMMIT MAG WA 382, therefore say to the children
of Israel, Exod. vi. 6; Sarp' 2XVP ‘24° 382, therefore who-
soever slayeth Cain, Gen. iv. 15.
13. The compound particle 44° 2m%9 therefore, differs
somewhat from the preceding one, for while the latter marks
the relation of two events as that of direct cause and effect,
the former generally indicates an event resulting indirectly
from a preceding one; thus, AST’ Pam’ 38° 2s on
this account shall a man leave, Gen. ii. 24; "PV Ay’ 4 °2TS9
sya therefore he called the name, Gen. xix. 22; instead of
this, we find 44°2.V, Gen. xx. 6; 2mrs92, Gen. x. 9; and
the simple 2mrv9, Gen. xvi. 14.
14. Many particles which are included in the conjunctions
by some, are referred to the adverbs by others. On this
account, the student will probably find, under conjunctions,
particles which, from their force and use, he has led to con-
sider as adverbs, and vice versa.
PREPOSITION.
1. The separable prepositions are properly nouns in the
constructive state, governing the word before which they are
placed in the genitive case; as, XVA-'2V upon the earth ;
MAAK SV with my wife; SzSM2, unto them; * mama
Bamax between me and between thee, etc.
112 SYNTAX.
2. The separable prepositions are also preceded by other
separables and inseparables, so as to form words whose signi-
fication is compounded of both; as, SVA9 and SVA2, from
SVA; 4924 from 449, with a double prefix; mvv'2v,
etc.
3. Many prepositions are not immediately connected with
the noun they govern, but are followed by other particles,
especially the inseparables 2 and %§; as, ¥ANAI2° 312823
within the veil, Heb. npos> mandy, Lev. xvi. 15; °992
AX2IV44 beside the family, Exod. xii. 37.
4, The preposition Am between, is construed in the two
following ways: the preposition is repeated with both the
objects which form the limit of the space implied in Avm19;
as, SYK MTAT' AARD' M9 between the light and dark-
ness. In the place of the second “rma, the suffix 2, is read;
as, X32, xm’ ‘3M9 between the water and water, Gen. 1.6;
4xz4P432,° 9xApe4s* 3mrax and between contact and contact,
Deut. xvii. 8.
5. This section contains an account of the principal senses
of the separable prepositions 9, 4, 2, %.
The preposition 9 ,—
(a) Denotes place ; as, ¥/AM99 in the house, Gen. xxxix. 5,
and is sometimes employed with substantives, so as to form
with them adverbs; as, ¥4A%9 deceitfully, Gen. xxxiv. 13.
(8) Expresses motion towards; as, 322°%9 towards hea-
ven, Gen. xi. 4.
(y) In the sense of against; as, ¥249 against all, Gen.
xvi. 12; “4mrawmM4sa against Egypt, Exod. xiv. 25.
(8) It expresses also the material; as, *¥IAN9%° X9XN9
VwGII of gold, and of silver, and of brass, Exod. xxxv.
32; also the subject of an action; as, ¥9° 23mm he shall
THE PREPOSITION. 113
eat thereof, Exod. xii. 43, 44; also the manner of an action ;
as, $92,°289 with all thy heart, Deut. vi. 5, etc.
(e) In the sense of for, on account of; as, AA¥9 for
money, Deut. 11.6; 349919 for his theft, Exod. xxii. 3;
PAYA on account of five, Gen. xviii. 28.
(f) With the force of by, through; as, x89 by Moses,
Num. xii. 2; also in the sense of with, denoting the instru-
ment; as, MIN%9 with my sword, Gen. xlvili. 22; also
with, in the sense of together with ; as, MAVA-9 with my rod,
Gen, xxxi. 10.
(n) It has frequently the senses of when, after that, etc.,
especially with the infinitive mood. Moreover, this prepo-
sition is frequently wanting, and sometimes redundant.
6. The preposition 4,—
(a) Primarily signifies like as, as if; thus, \VMoA4
according to our likeness, Gen. i. 26. When it is doubled,
the former is so, the latter as; thus, 39M ' ISAS so
the righteous as the wicked, Gen. xviii. 25; XVAAN' SATS
so thou as Pharaoh, Gen. xliv. 18.
(8) In the sense of about, nearly; of number, IVT NS
about six hundred, Exod. xii. 37; of time, SSTMP* ADAGS
about the time of life, Gen. xviii. 10.
(y) Like 49, it is used in the sense of when, after that ;
as, TV yep and when Esau heard, Gen. xxvii. 34;
ATS AN after he had made an end, Deut. xx. 9.
(8) It is deficient in Gen. xlix. 9, XM'S as a Lion's
whelp. Sometimes it is redundant, like 4.
7. The preposition 2,,—
(a) Is used in the sense of at, to, or in, expressing motion;
as, X2*AMAS 225 all which there is to him, Gen. xxxix. 8;.
X4A42, to go, Deut. xxix. 18.
114 SYNTAX.
(8) It expresses the essence, condition, or state of a thing;
as, SYMVP' 342 4A AXTAXX and man was in the state
of a living soul, Gen. ii. 7; 4AA2,° 12° AXXX and she was
to me for a wife, Gen. xx. 12.
(y) It denotes the instrument, and is used for 9; as,
9N82 by the sword, Lev. xxvi. 7.
(6) In the senses of according to ; as, S3XMAZY12, accord-
ing to their species :—concerning ; as, M2,' MVS. say con-
cerning me, Gen. xx. 13:—on account of; as, 33ZP2 on
account of their noise, Num. xvi. 34.
(e) Expressing advantage, in the sense of for; as, 432,
for them, Exod. xiv. 25; m2'xxx had been with me, Gen.
xxxi. 42: also in the sense of exchange ; as, XAMH2Z'XNIVNVA
brick for stone, Gen. xi. 3.
(€) The construction of 2, with the infinitive has been
previously explained. It is sometimes redundant and defi-
cient.
8. The preposition 4 ,—
(a) The original force of this cy like that of
the full form 334, is from ; it denotes the cause; as, * V4
STO ' LA from the God of thy father, Gen. xlix. 24; here
I have read 24-°4Vv~% for Walton’s 2mvs, according
to Castel’s emendation in the Heptag. under by. Hence
arises its negative force; as, 4PVM' *8V*224 not to say
unto Jacob, Gen. xxxi. 29, instead of which the complete
form 3 is found.
(8) With the sense of on account of, because; as, ‘VTS KAY
AzSAM' xTAM because God loved you, Deut. vii. 8.
(y) In the sense of after; as, SAmsxm* 4M after
some days, Gen. iv. 3.
(6) This preposition has other senses, which are, however,
CONJUNCTIONS. 115
of rare occurrence. Like the rest, it is sometimes deficient
and redundant.
CONJUNCTIONS.
1. The separable conjunctions agree in construction, for
the most part, with the adverbs, except that they are always
put before sentences, for the purpose of connecting them.
Some, like nouns and adverbs, are preceded by prepositions;
as, X23 ° SV so as not, Deut. ii. 3.
2. The relative prefix ¥ is sometimes used with the perfect
tense, expressing the reason for a thing done; as, *342V
MAAXLT' AVA, we went to the land because thou sentest
us, Num. xiii. 28; “4Ma2AX'Y4A9 because God was there,
Exod. xx. 21. It is also found with the future, expressing
the purpose or consequence of any thing; as, 42° SVMs
that it may be well with thee, Deut. iv.40. The relative is
similarly used with prepositions.
3. A conjunction is sometimes found where, in Hebrew,
there is an ellipsis of Wx after a preposition; as, * 2ma<x9
MIS" SAYAG/ that my soul may bless thee, Gen. xxvii. 4;
ATBAM ' 28492, that you may live, Deut. iv. 1.
4. Sometimes a sentence upon which another depends
seems to be wholly omitted; to complete the sense, there-
fore, and construction, it must be supplied; as, ‘AAA 423
SNAKAD' AM MmMMVA' xXZN because I said, I will take
care, lest thou take thy daughters, Gen. xxxi. 31, where there
is an ellipsis of the Latin ‘ cavebo’.
5. The inseparable conjunction ¥ is variously used in con-
necting the members of a sentence; it usually has the sense
of ‘and’ or ‘ also’.
(a) It is found in Gen. xii. 12, in the sense of ‘ but’; as,
1LI6 SYNTAX.
TMAM ' SMAMSMAZveMs and they will kill me, but thee
will they save alive.
(8) In the sense of ‘ however’, ‘since’; as, * X44
MAM STAM IAAT MSM: AMAA wherefore
have you come to me, since ye hate me, Gen. xxvi. 27;
2V9' ADEA AMA because she is the possession of a
master, Gen, xx. 3.
(y) It is also found in the sense of ‘ either’, ‘ therefore’.
(6) In the sense of ‘so that’, ‘in order that’; as, * 2
SAQA SM At ZANT APH AYA JTVIAM NN ye
shall not swear by my name falsely, that ye profane not the
name of your God, Lev. xix. 2; AAYS* that he may die,
Exod. xxi. 12.
(e) In the sense of ‘when’ or ‘while’; as, *22V' Wx2%
AVN2, when Lot entered Zoar, Gen. xix. 23.
(£) The particle ¥ is used in a sentence to which it gives
a retributive sense, arising from the expression of a condition
or cause in a preceding one; as, *X3A/e* MOSMZA * ATX
STS MYMyer AX whether because thou art my brother, there-
fore wilt thou serve me Sreely, Gen. xxix. 15; ‘333M AVM
SAMP* Amt’ 42, therefore the Lord will keep for thee the
covenant, Deut. vil. 12. Similarly, ‘3349 358280443019
ATSMAMV' MZINAS in the day of your eating of it, then
shall your eyes be opened, Gen. iii. 5.
(7) The conjunction ¥ is sometimes apparently redundant;
as, AMX LY IV APVAANT MSR 244° 24 every one who
eateth bread leavened, that soul shall be cut off, Exod. xii.
15, 19.
There are various other senses, too numerous to mention
here.
6. When the conjunction ‘4’ is repeated, the former
INTERJECTIONS. 117
signifies ‘ either’, the latter ‘or’; as, MPS°SR' ATA 4
whether ox or sheep, Deut. xviii. 3. This is similar to the
Greek usage of ef and ei.
7. The particle 3%, when repeated, is used in the sense
of so’ ‘as’; thus, VANTIN AA AYA A so we, as
our fathers, Gen. xlvii. 3.
8. Conjunctions expressing doubt are not always found with
this force, but are sometimes used to denote the difficulty of
accomplishing the object in question, or to bring forward
prominently other similar circumstances connected with it; as,
ITAMITV'2ZMTI" RANA MTA ATA’ TMZ" PAM T will
ascend unto God, peradventure I shall make an atonement for
your sins, Exod. xxxii. 30; Heb. ‘bi. It is rendered by
the LXX., wa é&iAdowpat. In this case, the peculiar force
of the conjunction is well marked by the English “ perad-
venture”. SXMMA*A IAI AD’ ATIAPA' AX and ye
shall not touch of it, lest ye be destroyed, Gen. iii. 3, ren-
dered by the LXX., iva yu) drroOdvnre, where the stress
lies upon the necessary consequence of their so doing, and
conveys no doubt; 4Ag92.° 13° A202 9A let her re-
ceive it to herself, lest we may be for contempt, i. e. may be
mocked, Gen. XXXViii. 23, which is expressed by the LXX.,
GANG ny Tote KaTayeAacOapev. In all these cases, though
adverbs of doubt are used, they appear to carry but little of
their usual force, but prominently introduce certain points
arising from the previous sentence.
INTERJECTIONS.
1. The interjections, properly speaking, are placed abso-
lutely in a sentence; that is, do not depend in construction
upon any word or words therein.
*
118 SYNTAX.
2. As in Latin and Greek, some verbs are used as inter-
jections; thus, AVM MA dye, cataBaivopev; or, age,
descendamus. So, m2 a 3 AqS mae BAM AX st
iter mihi ineundum, queso, ex sententid fucere liceat, Gen.
xxiv. 42; VAAq* IXS72° AX Behold! here is seed for you,
Gen. xlvii. 23; “SAmP'VVPS' AA Come! let us make a
treaty, Gen. xxxi. 44.
3. Some nouns have the force of interjections when, on
account of a vehement affection of the mind, they are
abruptly expressed, and are entirely independent of the rest
of the sentence; as, 4mV9V2Z° 2A%K profanum servis tuis !
i. e. absit & servis tuis, Gen. xliv. 7.
4, Few remarks are required on the Syntax of the Inter-
jection for practical purposes, inasmuch as that part of speech
is independent of the rest of the sentence. The force of
the Interjections, which may be derived from the Lexicon,
is all that is required.
On the Syntax generally it may be observed, that, for the
most part, it agrees with the Hebrew and the other Shemitic
languages.
EXTRACTS,
THE following remarks upon the text and construction of
some passages in the Extracts will be read with advantage
by the student.*-
GENESIS, IL
Ver. 2.— mars should probably be read xpm or
xmraemts ; compare the rendering 32%) in the Targum
with the latter. Cellarius explains the form in the text as,
“ factum Kar’ dmroKxomy ex Idara.s inanitas ;” to this con-
jecture the use of the preceding 74/4 as an adjective is
somewhat opposed.
Ver. 9.—There is an apparent ellipsis of 2, before xs z™.
Ver. 11—am~” is for 444, from 4AM. The suc-
ceeding \/-nt in the text, may be taken as an emphatic
infinitive ; so we may render, let the earth (fem.) abundantly
bring forth herbage sowing (i. e. the earth) seed, + inasmuch
as XVAAq% is Pahel or Aphel participle fem., as may be
inferred from v. 12, 29.
* * The author would remind such of his readers as are disposed to be
Sebaldi Ravii, that his conjectures are not made in the spirit or on the
principles of Houbigant.
f That is, by the agency of wind and water, as in the case of the
seeds of the Anastatica Hierochuntica, or Rose of Jericho. ©
120 EXTRACTS.
Ver. 14.—38zmt would lead us to expect xm2m2 for
m2m2, ; so in vers. 16, 18.
As regards 3‘3%nr in this verse, and yx in the suc-
ceeding, both are evidently misread for 3¥3xM, as Cellarius
would seem to insinuate in a note upon this place; ‘ 3xMm
eliso ¥ pro ¥3¥xMf quod per paragogen est pro J<3Mr.”
Ver. 16.—I doubt whether m%2% should form part of
the text; and this doubt is confirmed by the succeeding
parallel passage, SATS" AM XAVZAy, where no such
circumlocution occurs, although it appears perfectly antithe-
tical.
Ver. 17.444 may be Aphel for x4#Ams, from Az;
or, by metathesis, for ¥\A8, regularly xymrvs, Pahel. The
latter supposition receives confirmation from 02% in the
succeeding verse.
Ver. 20.—23x~2, may be an emphatic infinitive after
axap2Am, as well as a substantive. The former sup-
position is perhaps preferable.
Ver. 25.—As regards the expression ***33'2.V9'24' AMZ
XAT, there can be little doubt of its inaccuracy as it
now stands; it is incompatible with the Hebrew, Targum,
and Syriac version. It might be read with a slight altera-
tion, SMBS 2VT °F 24° AMX, which is tolerable:
On the other hand, it may be corrupted from a gloss,
AASV *2V49, in explanation of the term “43% in the
succeeding verse, and carelessly transferred into the text.
In the latter case, the phrase ANT 2V9 should be
omitted from Walton’s text. It is difficult to explain it as
it now stands.
Ver. 26.—aAnmgz4 is somewhat anomalous ; probably
imitated from the Hebrew participle #7 or WHI, the Tsere
EXTRACTS. 121
being represented by mt. Should it be read ¥Ampsa Pehil?
Vide also ver. 30.
Ver. 28.—All the versions tend to render the reading
xMAMa3V suspicious. Should it be ¥Amrav, as in ver.
24, 25, etc.? The compound AAmszAsd immediately
succeeding answers to the Hebrew nvp13, whence it is
probably derived. Here again, I apprehend, the true
reading may be obtained by expelling +, when we may
render, which hath crept, Pahel; at least, such an elision
would produce a form consistent with the general principles
of the language.
EXODUS, XX.
Ver. 5.—Smvimay' 2VX' MIMAAMZA * 2V% is literally
rendered from the Hebrew. Of course there is an ellipsis of
a substantive, and in all probability this substantive is 4m
in the extended sense of descendants ; hence we may render,
visiting the sin of fathers upon the immediate descendants
(i.e. children and grand-children), and upon the third and
fourth descendants (generations). In the Targum we have,
way ITN Moy y.
Ver. 10.—Upon the hiatus after $A4/% Cellarius re-
marks, “‘ hiatus arguit vocem $A*4X9 jumentum tuum, quam
codex Ebrzo-Sam. habet; in versione autem non apparet.”
Ver. 11.—The reading A°~™ for A.A” is to be remarked.
Ver. 16.—mtaA./% is apocopated for the full form sara dv
Pahel, from TxA.
Ver. 17.—The latter part of this verse is interpolated
from Deut. xxvii. 2, etc.; xi, 30. The apocopate xmx for
xmxm_ should also be noted.
122 EXTRACTS.
I have retained 347% in the text, in deference to
the opinion of Castel, who says, ‘4A°33%°%/% idem quod n\n,”
although I am convinced we ought to read ¥43XA/% in-
stead. ,
Ver. 19.—This verse is chiefly derived from Deut. v.
24—27. In it mx for xm must be observed; as also
ssmvpr Aphel imperative, formed regularly like the Chal-
dee from *8vVp, the vowel Tsere being represented by the
mater lectionis Mf.
Ver. 20.—In the phrase A73¥A'3° 2392, the infinitive
is governed by the ellipsis of 2, or by the 2, in the adverb. »
Ver. 22.—This verse is interpolated from Deut. v. 28,
xviii. 18, and succeeding verses. Perhaps yaVmMx should
be read 9m.
As regards the expression maz’axmAim'm%2, something
is clearly wrong. It perhaps should be either mx'x2, as in
Gen. xxx. 34, or m3xx°axMAMr my ; the latter is preferable.
The reading in the text is evidently a compound of the two
conjectures just given; for, m%2 is for ms%2, or ms' x2.
The latter conjecture may even be an incorporated gloss on
the former, or vice versd.
Some little difficulty attaches to the word 4A7ym4 in
the latter part of the verse. I propose to derive it from
AZM to bear, to attend, the compound Amis being found
in Gen. xlii. 23, in the sense of interpreter. If this be the
case, we ought to read ¥/A-Mtym as a participle, and render,
Iwill tell all that pertaineth to the decrees and judgments, etc.
I have simply rendered it by ‘‘ precepts” in the Lexicon,
Ver. 25.— Mt Ay is perhaps Pehil with a suffix; so that
we may render, thou shalt not build them (fem.), having
hewn them (masc.); i. e. thou shalt not build them of hewn,
EXTRACTS. 123
etc. The word may also be an infinitive, with the omission
of the prefix "4; in this case, render, after hewing them.
The discrepancy in gender between ‘sm and 3x should be
noted.
DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.
Ver. 1.—The student will see that the greater part of the
first and the two succeeding verses of the Hebrew, pro-
bably containing a complete account of the extent of the
panorama exhibited by God to Moses, are rendered in the
version by a vague expression of the limits of Moses’ obser-
vation, without specifying the individual occupants between
those limits.
The proper reading of xmaant should be 7'A>M1, as in
Num. xxii. 1, xxvi. 3, 63, ete. . .
Ver. 6.—After 447, the suffix 3 is manifestly omitted.
Ver. 8.—Upon the somewhat confused phrase SVT MTHS
x4ug, Cellarius remarks, ‘‘ forte quod dedecus, neminem },
morte eximi; vel fletus nimius, quod indecorum dolori in-
dulgere.” I have doubts about the genuineness of this pas-
sage, which it would be superfluous to give here.
GENESIS, L.
AVOCA S SIESTA RAZA QZ AA TAPS 1
+ MA LV SSK T SPITZ BAY ATX AVS 2
SSM aA ZV XO AAA AMAT! STA
"OMN AAT AXA ATA RAZA UAT 3
"MAINT AV ALK ARI * AM * HALA TAQ AT 4
SAA BMAX XARA AMS HALA
"PV Ay SA ALX SES * ARIZ | TAZA * PVAQT 5
H< XN RK WIM AD ATAT MS ASAT AML
‘oom SeA0eso | MMAR ATH | HAZ SAX 6
* XMS. XS AMS MAY ATAT
SIMS MND ADA ONMAAP AIM X82 ° SIVI 7
*xMADP2 ZV289 * XS ANTST * XATAAPZ,* TASS
LAMY XTX
MMO STAT | AMT AMAIPL * SAL * PVAGT 8
—<: x32 2S8xM Adv ATAT
MASS * XMS °° AMAA ¢ RAZA * AMAT DO
AAT RAMON FAQ RAAT ASR AA * TS
"AST
"IPMINWAT AVA AA OM | TAZA * PV Age 10
DSW A248 * SADA TAQ ATS ATASAT* PV Ay * TS
AVA AS SAV AAMC AVA AMA SALA MAT 11
"AVANT * XAVIZ MAI’ SAV’? MAI: AMAT: AT
[OMT AAT AVA 20° x9
.GENESIS, I. 125
* 37232 ° 3232 ° OAV * AAI AVA APIS
“X94 ° XATIMVPS MAD Mav § ATs XATII,
29W' A2X NIZA LIVE ATI,
— <1 SAMA OSS AT AAT A TAT
SMSO * PF299° MTAMAD * MxM AAA ASAT
“ego * AMG PADSZT AVA * O2Y ° XQ,
* AmASV2s * Amasmd2 ° Taxmx * m2 ° smax
oS Mmraees geesxm2.<
‘ SIPS * PF23 ° 85239 * AMAT *° FATAMT
DATS AYRE AVA ZV XQK32,
“SXMIASA * AMAZAMS *OMNA * At * AZ * S9VX
TT AW 222, X9N * MATA OX 28° Avie
"AMS" M2172, *° AV2Y82, * FAVTAy HATA * AMX
* XM94T4
"HAZ XS MIT 9 ADA NTA XT
2aVAA' 2V
AAT AMS PAD MZMZ9% * HIM * W244 2.5
SOV ° A2N ALA * LIVI ABH © AMIE
— <P XVMSN STMT AA ATR YQ AAT
XM MDD IeP2 °° es | ASAP ALA AZ
SA22K PX29° ota 2V AVA 2° ASN SPX
‘AM AMINA : AMA APL * AM XA AIT
oS AAPZX NAAN XARA 24
HX ATIIZ * ADDI ese? 28° Airs * BexMAs II,
°9V' A224 AZ LIVE
S28x STATS PTI Qs ZA ORT BA9y
SAV MTAn * XMsPs SxS * XMS *
—— <5 EK OST ADIT ASAT yy AAT
SR AVIZ SAMRK OMID AVAA PIA ADA OAS
ASAT AADVIZ AVA AAMIVT: AMAT TATA
HANS!
12:
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
126 EXODUS, XX.
"AMS AAIIZ AVA AAMAV ' Amt X24 SAVX 25
AAMT METI 2V9O 2H AMS XADIZ * TASTE
[OV ' A249 AZ * JIVE + AXATIIZ
* SAMIMAST * SAAT ST * TAVI AZA VAX 26
‘x22V ° spax * Mor * AMATI + Ax02“~Mx
Se Ammyxa SAA 2897 AVA 2495 FAAS 99T
TAVAA * 2V
XDA ANSIND MSAK AM AA SEBX AADX 27
AAMT AES XSOPIAT AMT AAMT ATH
"PT ADA VID AA OAZA SeAN 4Agy 28
“AMZ * TVSVE AVA ° AM? 38x TAX
“X22 ° seat 3s Mt ¢ AMASAD * AXVLYNT
SAVAA 20° AAMSZAN * XMAMIV * 2%249%
* SAV 24° Ait! 582° AAMT AX ALA AMA 29
* 24° AMZ AVIA 28. MAA 2V9 35202, ° 3292
*95832,° 35292 ° 92928 AZMV’ MAI: FAT! Sz2MV
> X2M0e82,* oir
2 2825 ° 322K ese 2825 °° AVA A AMV : 242 30
Am? XANMRK -° wD XAT AVA 2V 0° FAIA
<2 SUH eFax A282 GAV: PIZA: 23
"AMV AV AAT TAVT' 28° AM x2 ZIVE 31
— <1 ANMA™ * STM AT AEX MEQ ATAT
EXODUS, XX.
> Qegmes2.* Amt2Ae* X28 * 28° At sas * 22a87 1
"VA * MS MAPA * MAZDA ONAN MA 2
MMTV * AMOS * SATAY
EXODUS, XX. 127
‘TOSSP 20S SMSATV * uMAZA 2 XMXM' AZ 3
amszeagy Tey 2x 2AD 42 SaVA AZ, 4
*VA2S * XIMMIST * VAS ° XVANAST *° 2V245
2 XVAA2,
‘MSA AZM Dey AE 2 STAN AD, 5
‘2N DASA STV SPI AP! 2A M2 XTX
* MASAZ° smvman’ ZV SMAAMZA LVF sms
"HAWILZT © MSAaAZ § ~wMdaZAA2 ° TAK ' TAVT 6
* moPz3
* A2K VPM BIZ STAM eA! 29d! 2, 7
+ yuyu + a Z9AMS * AM * ARAM ' MtSAgit * M2,
—<! STH2,
"MP. XAG sex AM AV 8
* SASMaV ' 258° SIVA STS OT AAO 9
AQ SIDA AEAMZ * XN XAVMI™ * XyxMx 10
"MNAST MAST HAA XOMIV' 24 '°HX9 | SAV
*MMATPIT * SASMIZ 8 SAMSAT | TOV
SNPS AM ARM SOV SIT Ae 2 11
ANAT STIS! 24° AMX ASM AMX AVA Ao
ero AM XXAM BA9 AM" xVM * 48xM9
Pests + ee
eee pie uaiene Bx9M' Amt APTA 12
£42.° xm BIZ XSAN AVA 20° Sesser
*2VPN' 2, 13
"ATTN AZ, 14
‘ONIN 2, 15
‘apy eavA yVag' sma’ 42, 16
“NANI SYK INE SADR AMI! TSR 2, 17
“FOMA TXT A KAMA TOV AZPV ' MAgY
—<! HA9R2Z5 * 24x
"VAN2 ° MXZA ¢ XENM * MOZAVO AX * RON
128 EXODUS, XX.
“ MOTPAS XSAN VAA2' 22V ANAS AAV
"STA TAM | SMA AINA TTA * 42,
ASSN 2 248° AM! XNA * 2V ° SANSA
“SUSMPA * SATAN AM 3899V489 * MAT ASH
"ASSAM SPI * MSA * AMZAM * AOA * AMT
WITS MSA MIAT * SMTAQMAT * O89 * M80
AGM * 2° SMS WITS SALA TEAM
AM * X39 * V2 SMTA SLA * ORM
“SA2V ¢ SM2V ° PAAT * MAL ° XIAO KIT
8A QTAS ¢ SITS 20 AOSTA SADA ATA,
"ATAX XAT MAZDA ATANT STP2 ° MTAANT
Ten ATES VATA MAK XSAN AAV9
"32721 * 29P ° XVP99 * SANS * XA3VIS * VALS
— <1 8 29P TDA AMIS * AWTOe
"RQ ZR AM AMZP AM Vs HV 247 18
"932° XATV S AMTX * XMSMAL © AM + SMtAy AX
“| PMA! TVS | T2920 ° HV 24° FLAS
1 YNALAe ASANTE SIAM AGH °K IZ TAWAT 19
“a2p° AMX * XSAMON * AM * XAsameMm ° At
SOM AQK 6 ASA SIM AA RTS Dv
“TUSTMA TPA SV sma 2240 At
"ANSA MAPA DAMA A2X DAS 42,
* ZR AMT! VSS2 SYA SMT AG TS * SES ATH
"2° M8 2X DIAS T OMARV DAA ATR
* ST9s * 228 emi SMa 2P Vesey akg
Up TAA SAP *OMMVPAT o ONATY ORAM
'2DOSA AAAS MAZA ATA Ass + 245° A
“av BAZAR OTRO: 2Z28mrs° 28° Am 38V
"MAAS * Mesv: 228m 2K SAVIO Veeay
[ATS X2S
* 2MS92' ALK MLV A O8V2 AMY QA 20
EXODUS, XX. 129
"MAA ZMSIT* ASMAZAA MAMA OSEAN! AKAD
‘MAVEN A292, ° SSM 2V SALAS
VENT AZIAV2 SSP! Ss PIP KAS ASV USVPT
— <<) SMaZ Ax
POAT AVIS * ST? | yg ay ATA 2285
S289" 235° FAVA AOSV F224 SOE SV TZ
* MS 27K T242,° 95A2° DENA MAT AMA MZ,
* 4v ati * 2392, XS TM 225° MSTPA AM VWF
"STDS AZZ SPA ATS * 82.V2' SzMA925* 352,
NEA 2288 Ae MID SAAS MATS OSI A
TMS VSM ALS MDA MAT | XBTPIAG 24 AT
"AMID BAD WS MS MIVA AA 9 2294S
ATP V ALS AMT TP 2.2285 52.224" WAVES
MMPAATV * SIMA A eg 22a Ae 2290447,
* ATES STA S929 OSTA LAS STAN AMIS ZVPMS
magn PQA 2 2S ATA MAZZA ZS 2240s Ae
22308 ATK OAM ALS XZ 2298 * OS A" XSAN
AA AZ AMID T2288 ITM AyD ATAM A228 ADS
* VESTS MS2 STSTZ 0 TAAGV TZ OS Age: SS
‘235A SV S229 3° OSV OSVP AST AAA
" SETAVMT SAIZNG AMT AT AMA AGT’ XNTIS
<1 FAAS 2,° 52 SAM SAAT AV AAS
"MAS BV 2285 MTZ ey ay rao 229%
ALS ATES MS ALE STATA RE STA Lt
|, (AISTYV
"NQ°OXS MALS AA MAZA ESV ASTI A AD,
‘MINTZ ATIVAN
‘AM? 32° ABSA * 2° SIVA VITA KISS
"MMATAMST OO MMSV BS M2 AIS) SAV
MATA BSA TE ASV NANT AD XUAN QE
*MASAVIAT ‘asm
21
22
23
24
130 DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.
SPA MA Ae 22!) SIVA SMAI KISS SAT
* SM AyT
. W's ALS MIN AT" IMZV ° ANIA * SINK ‘Nl
“MATVT MINA ALS MAKITA * 2V° amarrg
—<:3x9mM2
DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.
MARV AV ATH 2A WATS AVPS DS SS PLAT
* AM ATAM AM Ay AA SM CAM MI ZVS SATA
NAVAN Y AIAN AAS TV SMT OATES SATUS TV AA 2S
“TIAT A SMT SVT
MAVIN PAS AVA AAS MLA ATA ASAT
* mgs? * SPVINZS * PATI * SXAIAN2* BANAL
* 2° MYAT SMramvsa' SAM AAS Me NSE Oh SVAAq2
—<: A9VY
MYLZV IANS VAD STAM TIVES VA AST
EC Tis
"MLZ ATVI’ AMI 29P* ATS VALS APIS * ASPT
TASH STM TVA AAASP ATE MA
AVES AL ANTS DAA STAVAV TAA AD FPS
—<LXSTWA' PAV! A253 XV
* SATS ' AVES Shs Am 2AM MAD! THOT
SM VT MTS STMT S20 so TAA
+ A AGAR Ae 2. SY TOA yea g: Ye My
* ZAMMIT MAD’ TMZ TV BMT TMZV ATA AT
<P AIM ATA SPA SS TTAVT
26
4
8
DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV. 131
+ Oar ages 2 OTS AMON MAXV' SxPM ALS 10
SIMNIA2, Ste XFAM AVM
TOVYZATAM AAT A AM ZIV AMY SIA’ 242, 11
AVA 2ZSL 2 SMSIV 2822 AVA, 2 SMAPS VAD
SAV AME ASN AIAG 2825 SA AMTPAY SMTA 2425 12
—<: 2A yma! 23° MISA FY
LEXICON.
*," The Student will remember, that the words which have been previously discussed
in the Grammar, are not contained in the Lexicon.
i
9”. a father
39% a stone
4x49% Abraham
Sf a hand
SV a man
IATA. earth, land
Ax toshine; asasubs.,
light
VAX way, path
px” to honour;
Aphel, Chald. 1p!
2Ay* to go away, depart
KA a brother
sm how? Chald. 78 |
AZM a tree
susmr’. day; Syr. Mx]
AVM. sameas awn *
24% to eat, devour
X24 God
SMALA same as preceding
“4. a mother
x4. a female domestic
4A to say, speak
A to rest, cease from;
Aphel of ‘%%3
‘x9p4/ female; also X9P4
wAA a man
46smar face; Heb. O25
XATXAVA- a law; also
ANTAATA
SA to prolong
VA” earth, land
WA. fire
ave who, which
XA a wife
AN a place
4
X°8X9 a beast of burden,
cattle
AvM4 a house
LEXICON.
344 to weep, lament
m9 grief, lamentation
49 a son, child
¥39 to build
A\A9 flesh
V4 to seek, enquire after
29 2 lord, master
i a plain, valley
9 son; fem. X\9
EA) to create
2Ag%9 iron
49 to bless
1
1 a body; from xz'7
Agz7 to lift over, pass
over
AT to commit adultery
XAyT to hew, cut, circum-
cise
SAqT a decree, command
AM] a valley, recess
AM] astranger
2121 Galgal
X2/1 to discover
m21 generation, age; for
201
9471 to steal
<1 baseness, disgrace
NZI same as ZT
133
AT kind, genus; for
AIT. Comp.
Greek ryévos
AIST winged
SMAQMAT Gerizim
iY
‘AIS to sacrifice
9x9 gold
ZK to fear; also2vs
X2.K dread, fear
ANN to remember, to
make mention of;
as a subs., a male
449 a likeness
x
SX a mountain
X3xX this, that
XXX to be
3Ayx% to add;
Syntax
Ay
AVI Ay less
ATMtAq presumption
34Aq to hold innocent
PVAq to call, name
VAAy to plant, sow;
as a subs., seed
XVAAy seed
vide
134 LEXICON.
a
A\9% neighbour
AK to rejoice
SA7K distant, last
9AV% a vision, sight
Ay% to see, behold
VK to sin
xm’ to live
“mm eK life
44% to know
mK knowledge, wisdom
22°% to pollute
322°% heaven
s447%K to desire
\4K an ass; for VeSK
sAq mercy
9\°% an axe, a sword
su a tree, shrub
4x to be dark
x4eq darkness
Vv
4Vv good, well
AzV a mountain
2¥2,V to move away, to
pervert
242, to create, make
ing
AA to flower, bring
forth; as a subs.,
a herb
x9 dry earth
sm a hand
vam to know, discern
xm to give
xz3xM ‘the Lord
v@éxxm Joshua
“<I a day
wx to-day
gym to be well
x“smr sea; Chald. 89
gpvir Jacob
pamm Isaac
Axampm glory, greatness
sam Jordan
s<mKxam Jericho
AM to occupy, inhabit.
2A. Israel
4”mf to remain, occupy
3
94% a star
4x4 to dispose, pre-
pare; also 498
235 all, any
2324 all, the whole
vs to darken, to be-
come dim
MASV34 Canaanite
s444 to collect
JAS silver
943 to write
LEXICON. 135
4
92, the heart
932, to be in a flame;
as a subs., a flame
m2m2, darkness, night
M32, a lamp, torch
37232, a bud, germ
3232, to bud, flourish
332, to teach
AxPZ, a reptile
Jr2, to cast forth
Ss as)
x44 a hundred; Heb.
ATS a luminary
3ST gratis, in vain
AIT an altar
94345 Moab
AX to fear, dread
“44 water [ip
3x the middle; Chald.
ums a plane, valley
5744444 9 collection
225 to fill up
mx245 fullness
224 to speak, say
2.24445 a word; also 2,%24;
Plural, “sm223
XATMY precepts
wMoims Egypt
34 Moses
3444 tabernacle, tent
ay
49 Nebo
AeM9'3 a prophet; Chald.
N22; also xmas
mx. a luminary
x4 to be light; as a
subs., light; also
a river
X44 a fish; prop. name,
Nun
3x3 to raise, lift up;
as a subs., seed
AW to keep
A4 to sacrifice
X43 to explore, try
494 to fly
34 an animal
94 to breathe
4A to give, bestow
a
24 to take, or receive
ATA to create, multiply
STA to adore
3x, to bear witness
Msi a sign
<4A an eye
pm2A pot-herb
PZ to mount, ascend
136
XAMA a hill, beacon; for
SAMBA
444 to place, support
AeA to hate
T3VA testimony
Vv
2A-V same as 2.2 or 2V
S49vV to make; as a
subs., a servant
ENMgV work
\9V to pass over
21V to see, behold
ATV time
9xV asin
7 same as 42.V
AA%V another, strange
“\AqV to return
Ax2MvV a tree; also 42.0V
amv an eye
342V burnt offering
22V to enter; also 2V
X22V for 322%
42V age, eternity
“wmA2V holocaust
XV a people
\8V to occupy, inhabit
AV a flock of sheep;
also 3A4-V
SAV to flourish ; adj.,
grassy
LEXICON.
XAmav an animal
2°v land
23A4V_ darkness
PAV to depart; also APV
AAV to acquire, seek
3 [also SxP3
SPrA a command, precept;
3) to multiply, increase
ma a word
323 a sphere, an arch
~x23 the firmament
xM23 prodigy, wonder
“J a mouth
2AJ a graven image
AzV3 Phogor
SPI to visit, command
XVPI precept
mad fruit, fruitful
XV Pharaoh
2) to separate, divide;
also PA & JAI
AAJ Euphrates
ATA] judgment
wm
XAxu form, image
AV side, coast
\AM morning; opposed to
MANGO,
LEXICON.
P
249” a district, region
\qP to bury
3X\9~P a sepulchre
“4S~ to approach, touch
as a subs., a face
“TP to justify, sanctify
MAP a state, city; also
xQP and AMAP
AATAMVP seed
2° to kill
2” a voice
4m2" thunder (fonttrua)
3ATASP a beginning
gry a bird, fowl
#eAYP to envy, be jealous
of
“sity firmament
SP to approach, touch
4
AQ head, top; also
ATA
40 great, mighty
I/M9\ greatness
FASA same as AN
ATA same as KMA
PKA remote, distant
47x to love
4zV4 strength, vigour
‘KM breath, smell
137
‘spa void’; fem.,
XMTAPMA,
Chald. 8132")
A'S to creep; asa subs.,
a creeping thing
VA a neighbour
waaay evening
sn
“4/2 desolate, mis-shapen
x9” a sabbath
va to swear
v7? to send
maz the firmament
Sx to cover over, to
plaster
Xx to place, put
873% the heavens
Adz trumpet
3xme plaster
wus Sichem
w2™ to rule
442% to finish, fill up; as
an adj., complete
34420 a finishing
4142.44 peace offerings
weer a name
vg to hear
suger to serve, obey
uy the sun
xy» a year
11
138 LEXICON.
Ap a step; as a verb, ATA an ox
to mock, prevaricate | AM<AP2/¥ a crocodile
XAM* same as XS% amp” brave, apt,
% strong
xAmMo~/ likeness
“<4 an abyss
A \
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